The Death of Mba Admission Essay Samples Free

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World War II Battle of Saipan - Marianas

The Battle of Saipan was fought June 15 to July 9, 1944, during World War II (1939-1945) and saw Allied forces open a campaign in the Marianas. Landing on the islands west coast, American troops were able to push their way inland against fanatic Japanese resistance. At sea, the islands fate was sealed with the Japanese defeat at the Battle of the Philippine Sea on June 19-20. Fighting on the island lasted several weeks as American forces overcame difficult terrain that included numerous cave systems and an enemy that was unwilling to surrender. As a result, almost the entire Japanese garrison was killed or committed ritual suicide. With the islands fall, the Allies commenced building airbases to facilitate B-29 Superfortress raids on the Japanese home islands. Fast Facts: Battle of Saipan Conflict: World War II (1939-1945)Dates: June 15 to July 9, 1944Armies Commanders:AlliesVice Admiral Richmond Kelly TurnerLieutenant General Holland SmithApprox. 71,000 menJapanLieutenant General Yoshitsugu SaitoAdmiral Chuichi NagumoApprox. 31,000 menCasualties:Allies: 3,426 killed and missing, 10,364 woundedJapanese: approx. 24,000 killed in action, 5,000 suicides Background Having captured Guadalcanal in the Solomons, Tarawa in the Gilberts, and Kwajalein in the Marshalls, American forces continued their island-hopping campaign across the Pacific by planning attacks in the Marianas Islands for mid-1944. Comprised primarily of the islands of Saipan, Guam, and Tinian, the Marianas were coveted by the Allies as airfields there would place the home islands of Japan within range of bombers such as the B-29 Superfortress. In addition, their capture, along with securing Formosa (Taiwan), would effectively cut off Japanese forces to the south from Japan. B-29 Superfortress over Japan. US Air Force Assigned the task of taking Saipan, Marine Lieutenant General Holland Smiths V Amphibious Corps, comprised of the 2nd and 4th Marine Divisions and the 27th Infantry Division, departed Pearl Harbor on June 5, 1944, a day before Allied forces landed in Normandy half a world away. The naval component of the invasion force was led by Vice Admiral Richmond Kelly Turner. To protect the Turner and Smiths forces, Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, Commander-in-Chief of the US Pacific Fleet, dispatched Admiral Raymond Spruances 5th US Fleet along with the carriers of Vice Admiral Marc Mitschers Task Force 58. Japanese Preparations A Japanese possession since the end of World War I, Saipan had a civilian population of over 25,000 and was garrisoned by Lieutenant General Yoshitsugu Saitos 43rd Division as well as additional supporting troops. The island was also home to Admiral Chuichi Nagumos headquarters for the Central Pacific Area Fleet. In planning for the islands defense, Saito had markers placed offshore to aid in ranging artillery as well as ensured that proper defensive emplacements and bunkers were built and manned. Though Saito prepared for an Allied attack, Japanese planners expected the next American move to come further south. Fighting Begins As a result, the Japanese were somewhat surprised when American ships appeared offshore and commenced a pre-invasion bombardment on June 13. Lasting two days and employing several battleships that had been damaged in the attack on Pearl Harbor, the bombardment ended as elements of the 2nd and 4th Marine Divisions moved forward at 7:00 AM on June 15. Supported by close-in naval gunfire, the Marines landed on Saipans southwestern coast and took some losses to Japanese artillery. Battling their way ashore, the Marines secured a beachhead approximately six miles wide by half a mile deep by nightfall (Map). US Marines dig in on the beach at Saipan, 1944. Library of Congress Grinding Down the Japanese Repelling Japanese counterattacks that night, the Marines continued pushing inland the next day. On June 16, the 27th Division came ashore and began driving on Aslito Airfield. Continuing his tactic of counterattacking after dark, Saito was unable to push the US Army troops back and soon was compelled to abandon the airfield. As fighting raged ashore, Admiral Soemu Toyoda, Commander-in-Chief of the Combined Fleet, commenced Operation A-Go and launched a large attack on US naval forces in the Marianas. Blocked by Spruance and Mitscher, he was badly defeated on June 19-20 at the Battle of the Philippine Sea. Surrendering Japanese soldier emerges from cave on island of Saipan, 1944. Library of Congress This action at sea effectively sealed Saito and Nagumos fate on Saipan, as there was no longer any hope of relief or resupply. Forming his men in a strong defensive line around Mount Tapotchau, Saito conducted an effective defense designed to maximize American losses. This saw the Japanese use the terrain to great advantage including fortifying the islands numerous caves. Moving slowly, American troops utilized flamethrowers and explosives to expel the Japanese from these positions. Frustrated by a lack of progress by the 27th Infantry Division, Smith sacked its commander, Major General Ralph Smith, on June 24. This engendered controversy as Holland Smith was a Marine and Ralph Smith was US Army. In addition, the former failed to scout the terrain through which the 27th was fighting and was unaware of its severe and difficult nature. As US forces pushed back the Japanese, the actions of Private First Class Guy Gabaldon came to the fore. A Mexican-American from Los Angeles, Gabaldon had been partly raised by a Japanese family and spoke the language. Approaching Japanese positions, he was effective in convincing enemy troops to surrender. Ultimately capturing over 1,000 Japanese, he was awarded the Navy Cross for his actions. Victory With the battle turning against the defenders, Emperor Hirohito became concerned about the propaganda damage of Japanese civilians surrendering to the Americans. To counteract this, he issued a decree stating that Japanese civilians that committed suicide would enjoy an enhanced spiritual status in the afterlife. While this message was transmitted on July 1, Saito had begun arming civilians with whatever weapons could be procured, including spears. Increasingly driven towards the islands northern end, Saito prepared to make a final banzai attack. Surging forward shortly after dawn on July 7, over 3,000 Japanese, including wounded, struck the 1st and 2nd Battalions of the 105th Infantry Regiment. Nearly overwhelming the American lines, the attack lasted over fifteen hours and decimated the two battalions. Reinforcing the front, American forces succeeded in turning back the assault and the few Japanese survivors retreated north. As the Marines and Army forces eliminated the final Japanese resistance, Turner declared the island secured on July 9. The next morning, Saito, already wounded, committed suicide rather than surrender. He was preceded in this act by Nagumo, who committed suicide in the battles final days. Though American forces actively encouraged the surrender of Saipans civilians, thousands heeded the emperors call to kill themselves, with many jumping from the islands high cliffs. Aftermath Though mopping up operations continued for a few days, the Battle of Saipan was effectively over. In the fighting, American forces sustained 3,426 killed and 10,364 wounded. Japanese losses were approximately 29,000 killed (in action and suicides) and 921 captured. In addition, over 20,000 civilians were killed (in action and suicides). The American victory at Saipan was quickly followed by successful landings on Guam (July 21) and Tinian (July 24). With Saipan secured, American forces quickly worked to improve the islands airfields and, within four months, the first B-29 raid was conducted against Tokyo. Due to the islands strategic position, one Japanese admiral later commented that Our war was lost with the loss of Saipan. The defeat also led to changes in the Japanese government as Prime Minister General Hideki Tojo was compelled to resign. As accurate news of the islands defense reached the Japanese public, it was devastated to learn of the mass suicides by the civilian population, which were interpreted as a sign of defeat rather than spiritual enhancement.

The Theme Of Birches By Robert Frost - 1065 Words

â€Å"Birches† by Robert Frost Have you ever walked through a frozen forest? Well, Robert Frost will take you on a journey through the forest in his poem, â€Å"Birches.† He also takes readers on a journey through life and memories. The main character of the poem, the speaker, is an old man, who throughout the poem’s story, is looking back on his childhood. When he walks through the forest, he sees the broken tree branches and thinks back to a time when those broken branches were created by swinging on them, not ice storms. This poem’s theme is about the pendulum of life; the act of swinging describes the back and forth of life – the ups and downs, the good and bad, and the rights and wrongs. â€Å"Birches† begins with an older man walking through the†¦show more content†¦He talks about having to play by himself: â€Å"Whose only play was what he found himself, Summer or winter, and could play alone† (Frost 26-27). This emotio n leads into the next, joy. The speaker remembers how much fun and excitement he had while he was swinging on the birch tree branches. Then the poem takes more of an imaginative tone when he starts thinking about how as a child he wanted to climb to get away from his own life and have a moment of peace. The speaker makes the comment: â€Å"I’d like to get away from earth awhile And then come back to it and begin over† (Frost 48-49). In this, he imagines himself climbing up the tree to get away from his worries and have a few minutes of peace. Additionally, Frost uses many literary techniques to add one-of-a-kind effects to his poem,† Birches.† First, he uses sensory words; these are words that when read sound or feel like the word that is being read. In â€Å"As the breeze rises, and turn many-colored† (Frost 8), the word breeze creates a feeling of an actual whoosh of air being felt and heard when reading the line. Likewise, in the line â€Å"As th e stir cracks and crazes their enamel† (Frost 9), the word â€Å"cracks† is a form of onomatopoeia because when readers read that line they â€Å"hear† the cracking of branches in the woods. Secondly, Frost uses imagery to make the poem’s story seem realistic. One example is â€Å"Shattering andShow MoreRelated The Theme of Life and Death in Birches, by Robert Frost Essay989 Words   |  4 PagesThe Theme of Life and Death in Birches, by Robert Frost The poem Birches, by Robert Frost, illustrates the authors ability to take what seems to be the mundane activities of life and turn it into something that holds a deeper meaning. The poem taken literally revolves around a boy living on the New England countryside whose only play was what he found himself, in this case, riding birch branches. The poem is very literal in language but by analyzing each line, different themes and interpretationsRead MorePoem, Birches And Out, Out By Robert Frost1116 Words   |  5 PagesTheme, Figurative Speech and Tones in â€Å"Birches† and â€Å"Out, Out† by Robert Frost Robert Frost was born in 1874 in San Francisco. Descended from the New Englanders generations, his parents, make Robert Frost is much associated with New England. In addition, most of his poems were well-known as a reflection from New England life. Despite that, he was a kind of subtle poet and generally recognized as a private man. Moreover, his appearance at the inauguration of John F. Kennedy to recite â€Å"The Gift Outright†Read MoreEssay on Hardships in Birches by Robert Frost1013 Words   |  5 PagesHardships in Birches by Robert Frost In any life, one must endure hardship to enjoy the good times. According to Robert Frost, the author of Birches, enduring lifes hardships can be made easier by finding a sane balance between ones imagination and reality. The poem is divided into four parts: an introduction, a scientific analysis of the bending of birch trees, an imaginatively false analysis of the phenomenon involving a New England farm boy, and a reflective wish Frost makes, wantingRead MoreThe Symbolism of the Birches839 Words   |  4 PagesOn the surface, the poem Birches by Robert Frost is simply about a man who would like to believe that birch trees are bent from young boys swinging on them, despite the evidence that it is merely a result of the ice-storms. Even with this knowledge he prefers the idea of the boys swinging from the trees because he was a birch swinger years ago and continuously dreams of returning and experiencing those pleasant memories once again. From a more explored and analytical point of view, the birch treesRead MoreRobert Frost Alienation Essay845 Words   |  4 PagesMany of Robert Frost poems, such as Birches, Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening, Mending Wall, and many others all display alienation. Robert Frost loved writing poem about nature and urban areas as well. In most of these poems Robert Frost portrays alienation, this could be, because he himself experienced aliena tion. Alienation means to feel like youre lonely, it is not literally being alone. You can be in a crowded of hundreds of people and still feel alone, or left out. We all experience AlienationRead MoreEssay on Robert Frost1248 Words   |  5 Pages Robert Frost   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Robert Frost, an Americian poet of the late 19th century, used nature in many of his writings. This paper will discuss the thought process of Frost during his writings, the many tools which he used, and provide two examples of his works.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Robert Frost was born in San Franciso on March 26, 1874, but later moved to Lawrence, Massachuschusetts (after his father died) where he did most of his writing. He was a simple man who taught, worked in a mill, was a reporter, wasRead MoreEssay On Robert Frost1194 Words   |  5 PagesRobert Frosts Life and Accomplishments â€Å"Dont ever take a fence down until you know why it was put up.† What a great quote by Robert Lee Frost, and there remain many of more that he wrote. Robert Frost wrote many of his best poems on several levels of meaning. He was one of best and most loved and respected poets. He did a great job capturing the hearts of his audience with his natural imagery and ability to use many metaphors to reveal the realism that he was trying to create. However, RobertRead More A Comparison of the Poetry of Emily Dickinson and Robert Frost1062 Words   |  5 PagesDickinson and Robert Frost The poetry of Emily Dickinson and Robert Frost contains similar themes and ideas. Both poets attempt to romanticize nature and both speak of death and loneliness. Although they were more than fifty years apart, these two seem to be kindred spirits, poetically speaking. Both focus on the power of nature, death, and loneliness. The main way in which these two differ is in their differing use of tone. The power of nature is a recurring theme in the poetry ofRead MoreThe Tuft Of Flowers By Robert Frost864 Words   |  4 Pages Robert Frost said many times throughout his life that all men share a common bond. In his poem â€Å"The Tuft of Flowers† he analyzes the potential of such a bond, in first person. Frost turns an everyday common job, into discovering a common bond with another laborer. The author uses a comparison between aloneness with a sense of understanding to demonstrate his theme of unity between two men. In another one of Frost’s poems â€Å"Birches† he imagines walking through the woods looking at all the trees,Read MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Birches And Hanging Fire By Audre Lorde1348 Words   |  6 Pagesabout it, childhood is a critical part of life. In the poems â€Å"Birches† by Robert Frost and â€Å"Hanging Fire† by Audre Lorde, the authors explore what it is like to be a child and the major transition from childhood to adulthood. While Frost does so through the voice of an adult, Lorde chose to accomplish this from a child’s perspective. Although, the speakers are not the only aspects of the poem that sets them apart. In â€Å"Birches†, Frost describes childhood as a simplistic, carefree and innocent time

The Use Of Animal Imagery In Othello Essay - 1040 Words

In William Shakespeare’s play â€Å"Othello† the use of animal imagery was evident throughout the telling of the story. Shakespeare explained several characters actions by comparing them to similarities in animals. The characters in â€Å"Othello† were often depicted as having animal-like characteristics. Some characters were even compared to animals by other characters in the play. By defining characters in terms of these characteristics one can get a clear description of what the character is doing or saying as compared to certain animals. In this paper I hope to give examples of animal imagery used in â€Å"Othello† that assist in explaining the play. The specific examples I present will describe a character either as seen by†¦show more content†¦His plan was to get Cassio drunk and have him mutter words of hate and disgust to Othello, a person who Cassio had great respect for, until he was drunk and then fed him lies told to him by Iago. Shakespeare’s animal imagery in this paragraph helps one to understand Cassio’s burden of having too many questions and not enough answers. In using the comparison of Hydra, the many headed monster, to Cassio explained how Cassio’s burden would be lifted if he only had more mouths to explain everything he had to say at one time. In Act Three Iago once again tries to manipulate another character in the play. This time he told Othello of an alleged affair that Cassio and Desdemona were having. The affair that Iago spoke of was a complete lie, for the two were nothing more than friends. Upon hearing of this alleged affair though, Othello went into a fit of rage yelling, â€Å"Arise, black vengeance, from hollow hell! Yield up, O love, thy crown and hearted throne To tyrannous hate! Swell, bosom, with thy fraught, for ‘tis of aspics’ tongues† (p. 149). Shakespeare was attempting to illustrate a man, who was torn between his good friend, someone who he respected, and his lover. Shakespeare portrayed a man going through an almost metamorphosis of emotions into this animal that he could not control. Othello yelled for this side of him to rise from hell, which had aspics’ tongues, a tongue from aShow MoreRelated Free Othello Essay: The Disintegration of Othello590 Words   |  3 PagesDisintegration of Othello nbsp; nbsp;nbsp; Shakespeares Othello is a play with unique characters. One such character is the one for which Shakespeare names his play. In the play, Othello disintegrates from a confident leader to a homicidal murderer. Linguistic changes throughout the play attest to this theory. nbsp; In the opening scenes, Shakespeare portrays Othello as a noble character. When Brabantio seeks vengeance (for stealing his daughter) on Othello, Othello expresses his actionsRead More Imagery in Othello Essay example1271 Words   |  6 PagesImagery in Othello  Ã‚         The vast array of natural imagery in Shakespeare’s tragic drama Othello dazzles the audience’s minds. Let us survey in this essay the varieties of imagery referred to by the playwright.    The vulgar imagery of Othello’s ancient dominates the opening of the play. Francis Ferguson in â€Å"Two Worldviews Echo Each Other† describes the types of imagery used by the antagonist when he â€Å"slips his mask aside† while awakening Brabantio:    Iago is letting loose theRead MoreIago : The Rhetorician Conspirator1680 Words   |  7 PagesDavin Truong Professor Bains English Writing 301 11/13/14 Iago: The Rhetorician Conspirator In William Shakespeare’s Othello, the antagonist Iago is arguably the most heinous villain in all of literature. His ability to shape shift in and out of character is what makes him unique. His tactics are similar to that of a cold blooded chameleon. Iago’s art of persuasion, his mastery of rhetoric as well as his ability to sense his victims’ insecurities and weaknesses, is what makes him so diabolicallyRead MoreUse of Imagery in Othello1555 Words   |  7 Pagescreate pictures through his words. A great author can create the same imagery for centuries to come. The function of imagery in the mid-sixteenth century play Othello by William Shakespeare is to add characterization and eventually define meaning in the play. The antagonist Iago is defined through various images, some being the use of poison and sleeping aids, to show his true evil nature. Othello’s character is also shaped by imagery such as the black and white, animalistic, and horse images, whichRead MoreIago, By William Shakespeare1669 Words   |  7 PagesIn William Shakespeare’s Othello, the antagonist Iago is arguably the most heinous villain in all of literature. His ability to shape shift in and out of character is what makes him unique. His tactics are similar to that of a cold blooded chameleon. Iago’s art of persuasion, his mastery of rhetoric as well as his ability to sense his victims’ insecurities and weaknesses, is what makes him so diabolically ruthless. Throughout the play, one can truly see the power of words and their delivery,Read MoreThe Character of Othello Essay609 Words   |  3 PagesCharacter of Othello As the play progresses, Othello’s character goes through many changes which happen as a result of him falling victim to Iago’s evil schemes. At first he is introduced as an army general who is respected for what he does but still discriminated against for being black. Othello is a victim to racism throughout the play. He is often referred to as â€Å"the Moor† even by his beloved Desdemona and is also called by more offensive terms. Iago uses animal imageryRead MoreTheme Of Black And White In Othello1072 Words   |  5 PagesShakespeare’s tragic play Othello is a tale of power, love, and deception. However, racial prejudice is also a critical component in the play’s larger assertations, and the abundance of black and white imagery throughout it suggests that white is synonymous with good and that black is synonymous with evil. As such, this imagery is vital to the play’s overriding paradox, which is that Othello â€Å"is far more fair than black† (Shakespeare 1.3.285). To clarify, Shakespeare portrays Othello as inherently ‘good’Read MoreRacism : Elizabethan And Modern Societies1079 Words   |  5 Pagesinto the mind of the divergent. In result of these racial insecurities, the planting of uncertainty in the mind of Othello was simply facilitated. Through a racial lense, Shakespeare conveys the quintessence of racism through his vivid racial insecurity and the manner in which Iago and other characters speak about the different race of Othello. This is showcased by the vulnerability Othello presented when confronted with doubt. Connecting to modern society, many people still judge on race, creating aRead MoreEssay on Conflict in Othello877 Words   |  4 PagesOthello is a play which contains many conflicts between the characters. The main conflicts in ‘Othello’ are between friends and foes. Othello’s inner conflict, cultural and racial differences which lead to racial judgement and discrimination, to express these conflicts; Shakespeare uses many techniques such as soliloquies, dramatic irony, imagery foreshadowing and symbolism. Amongst the main characters there are many conflicts, however the main reason for most of the conflict if Iago and ShakespeareRead More Iago’s Use of Language and Villainous Behavior in Shakespeare’s Othello533 Words   |  3 PagesIago’s Use of Language and Villainous Behavior in Shakespeare’s Othello In Othello, Shakespeare forms the villainous character, Iago through his complex language. Iago shows his evil nature towards Roderigo through his use of demeaning animal imagery. Iago also uses an extended metaphor to try and trick the ignorant Roderigo and (unknowingly to Roderigo), insults him. Lastly, Iago uses repetition to beguile Roderigo to keep paying him. Iago’s slyness is clearly seen through his deceiving

Human Behavior Simulation For Complex Scenarios Involving...

Modeling and simulation as a body of knowledge provide a basis to build and execute approximations of a real world system. Being termed as an efficient decision support system, modeling and simulation is able to understand and provide better solutions to the problems in various domains. It is also capable to predict and plan the future, mitigate risks, enhance the system performance and so on. Primarily, this modeling and simulation has emerged beyond manual methods of construction and execution of models to computer based tools. Besides this, most of the ecological economics depend on the human behavior. The aim of this paper is to improve the human behavior simulation with the help of research ideas from psychology to influence various aspects of system design. The accurate simulation of human behavior is applicable in different areas such as films, architecture, gaming and so on. The human behavior models are strongly dependent on scenario evolution and decisions. This paper also focuses in developing a scenario and realistic case study to be applied in the human behavior simulation for complex scenarios involving coalition operations. To accomplish this purpose it the intelligent agents are used for initiating interactions among local population, groups, forces. The presented modeling approach considers the complex interactions among many variables and resulting effects of the decisions. The Modeling and Simulation is a consolidated technique for addressing complexShow MoreRelatedCompetency Mapping Retail Sector5647 Words   |  23 Pagesorganization * Assessing the current performance and future development needs of persons holding jobs and roles REASON TO CHOOSE THIS PARTICULAR TOPIC: Over the past 10 years, human resource and organizational development professionals have generated a lot of interest in the notion of competencies as a key element and measure of human performance. Competencies include the collection of success factors necessary for achieving important results in a specific job or work role in a particular organizationRead MoreMultiple Choice Questions for Leadership Management14468 Words   |  58 Pagesbest one. Careless reading is a common source of error in this type of exam. Remind students to notice when an item is worded negatively (e.g., Which of the following is not correct? or â€Å"which is least likely?†). Because many of the items are complex, it is important to allow students enough time to read them carefully. Allow at least one minute per item. The test bank is designed to have content validity (representative sampling of key points in the chapters). I tried to avoid common weaknessesRead MoreMultiple Choice Questions for Leadership Management14459 Words   |  58 Pagesbest one. Careless reading is a common source of error in this type of exam. Remind students to notice when an item is worded negatively (e.g., Which of the following is not correct? or â€Å"which is least likely?†). Because many of the items are complex, it is important to allow students enough time to read them carefully. Allow at least one minute per item. The test bank is designed to have content validity (representative sampling of key points in the chapters). I tried to avoid common weaknessesRead MoreGame Theory and Economic Analyst83847 Words   |  336 Pages 2 Rupture versus continuity in game theory: Nash versus Von Neumann and Morgenstern CHRISTIAN SCHMIDT PART II Theoretical content 3 Bluï ¬â‚¬ and reputation SYLVAIN SORIN 4 An appraisal of cooperative game theory HERVÉ MOULIN 5 The coalition concept in game theory SÉBASTIEN COCHINARD 6 Do Von Neumann and Morgenstern have heterodox followers? CHRISTIAN SCHMIDT  © 1995 Éditions Dalloz English edition: editorial matter and selection  © 2002 Christian Schmidt; individual chaptersRead MoreSustainable Solutions Paper wk 7 draft16370 Words   |  66 Pagesorganization is a critical step in the development and implementation of strategy, as well as the success of the organization. According to the Bnet.com (2010) dictionary, a stakeholder is â€Å"a person or organization with a vested interest in the successful operation of a company or organization. A stakeholder may be an employee, customer, supplier, partner, or even the local community within which an organization operates.† In regard to Dell, the company leadership has identified and valued the interests ofRead MoreCapstone Project15365 Words   |  62 Pages........................................................................................ 23 5. Program Design .............................................................................................................................. 25 6. Operations Research ...................................................................................................................... 28 7. Program Evaluation...........................................................................................Read MoreStrategic Human Resource Management View.Pdf Uploaded Successfully133347 Words   |  534 PagesVIEW Strategic Human Resource Management Taken from: Strategic Human Resource Management, Second Edition by Charles R. Greer Copyright  © 2001, 1995 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. A Pearson Education Company Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Compilation Copyright  © 2003 by Pearson Custom Publishing All rights reserved. This copyright covers material written expressly for this volume by the editor/s as well as the compilation itself. It does not cover the individual selections herein thatRead MoreInternational Management67196 Words   |  269 PagesThis page intentionally left blank International Management Culture, Strategy, and Behavior Eighth Edition Fred Luthans University of Nebraska–Lincoln Jonathan P. Doh Villanova University INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT: CULTURE, STRATEGY, AND BEHAVIOR, EIGHTH EDITION Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright  © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Previous editions  © 2009Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesOrganizational Behavior This page intentionally left blank Organizational Behavior EDITION 15 Stephen P. Robbins —San Diego State University Timothy A. Judge —University of Notre Dame i3iEi35Bj! Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Director of Editorial Services:Read MoreArticle: Performance Appraisal and Performance Management35812 Words   |  144 Pagesappraisal of employee’s performance is not sufficient. Employee’s contribution should be aligned with organizational objectives and strategy. Performance management eliminates the shortcomings of performance appraisal system to the some extent. Keywords: Human resource (HR), HR development, performance appraisal, performance management, performance evaluation. I. INTRODUCTION Organizations are run and steered by people. It is through people that goals are set and objectives are realized. The performance

Business management Functions

Question: Write an essay on Business Management. Answer: Business management is one the critical functions of an organization. Management is one of the areas, which determine the efficiency and productivity of the organization. It determines the future scope of growth and success of the organization. Business management is more critical and important for small sized business ventures and organization. They require critical insight into the various business activities and initial set up of the business organization. In such situations, the various elements of operational activities needs an in depth analysis and scrutiny from the management team (Bridge O'Neill, 2012).Thus, one can infer the importance and significance of business management in case of small sized business. The following essay and study focuses on the business performance of Philosophy-T. It provides critical evaluation and analysis of the business performance of Philosophy-T and undertakes to provide necessary recommendations to improve the business operations and strategies of the company. Discussion Philosophy-T is functioning under the Massey University. The company follows the practice of printing the inspirational and educational quotes on the t shirts and the targeted market is student, family and friends. It follows the policy of spreading educational knowledge. The business strategy of the company utilized the focus differentiation strategy and differentiates it product from other commercial projects. It is an educational project and undertakes to differentiate its product on the lines of inspirational and philosophical quotes imprinted on the T shirts (Scarborough, 2012). Certain people were needed for providing expertise in the field of financing, market research, inventory management, web designing, other designing and creative skills, planning and organizing, customer features, online market research and so on. These expertises were required by the business for conducting its operations and functions. The web design follows the format of a small sized retail shop. The foundations on which sites are made are a reformed version of Wordpress and the site name selected for the site is the philosophytshirts.com. The business venture was an amalgamation of the business concept matched with a learning purpose. The company could not use PayPal as the payment system under the rules of the university. Therefore, it was important for the company to formulate a good platform for setting up a concise and comprehensive platform. The philosophical quotes on the t-shirts have an educational story behind it and it was uploaded and mentioned on the websites. This lent a clarity regarding the central idea behind the venture. Sustainability is one of the primary focuses of the venture. It focuses on the development of sustainability in the branding strategy and the company stresses on the need of developing eco brands for highlighting the sustainability strategy of the company. The company has no visual image and has been extensively striving for developing a visual image and logo of the company. Thus, presently the company is functioning without any official logo or visual (Glackin, 2013) Students voted on different quotes that could be printed on t shirts. The most voted and famous quote was - be the change you want to see. Four designs were selected for the t-shirt. Two designs were selected with William Blaques quotes. A local t shirt was printer was approached for printing the quotes on the t-shirt. The local t-shirt printer reverted with a reply on the cost of t-shirt. The price of print per t-shirt was fixed at $4. The common t-shirt provided was Gildan, with the cost of t-shirt being $7.50. The other cost in the venture was the Film and screen set up. Philosophy T-shirt needed to evaluate the number of quotes that were required for screen set up and film. The cost of screen set up and film was fixed at $40. The initial price for print per screen has been estimated to be $40 per screen. It has viewed that the print man could fit 2 designs per screen. Therefore 3 screens were needed in the initial period. Therefore, the cost per screen was estimated to be $120. The cost for hosting a web site was estimated to be $ 356. The cost for each printed t-shirts was $11.50. The venture decided to produce 120 t-shirts. Therefore, the total cost for printed t-shirts were $1380. The total outlay cost of the venture was estimated to be $120+$1380+$356= 1856. Therefore, the company had to incur an initial cost of $1856 in the initial period for production (Winkel, 2013). The total production of the venture was 120 t-shirts while the total cost of the company was $1856. The fixed cost of the company was estimated to be $15.47. The company incurred no variable costs or other overhead. No overhead costs were incurred in telecommunication aspect or any other variable section. Therefore, the company incurred only fixed cost. This depicted the cost structure of the company (Carland et al. 2015). The company evaluated and assessed the fact that no variable or overhead existed for the company. This led the company in fixing and evaluating the selling price per unit. The company decided to follow a 100% mark up on the t-shirts since it was a normal practice for a retail business to do. It was estimated the selling price per t-shirt was $31. The company evaluated that since the turnover did not exceed $ 60,000; there would not be a situation of incurring Good and service tax. It was inferred that the selling price per t-shirt was fixed to be $ 30. Thus, in such circumstances, there was no scope of providing goods and services tax by the business venture. Posting and packing was a cost incurred by the company and since the venture included the posting and packing cost on each purchase, it was included in the initial cost outlay. The rationale behind this was the payment of packing and posting cost paid by the customers. Thus, it did not affect the profitability and turnover figure of the company. The breakeven analysis of the company depicted a few images. The company incurred only fixed cost and no variable cost. The company produced 120 t-shirts and fixed a selling price of $30 per unit. The total cost of the company was $1856. Therefore, the breakeven analysis was $1856/ 30= 61.87. This reflected the fact that company needed to sell 62 shirts to attain the breakeven point. This meant that the company needed to sell 62 shirts to overcome the initial outlay cost. The company was following a 100% mark up value on the t-shirts. Thus, whatever the venture sold after 62 t-shirts would be the profit of the company. Thus, the overall turnover for the venture was $3600. The profit of the venture was $1744 for the company. The business has relied on a static websites for the sales it has generated. Overall a total of 120 t-shirts have been prepared. 25 t-shirts have been sold and delivered. No sales have been observed and recorded in the last 14 days. Complaints have been received by the venture for the long period involved between order and delivery. The time period involved in a delivery on an average has been 14 days. Therefore, it can be seen that the company suffers from a loophole in this regard. The venture follows a policy of no return and no guarantee on the products (Glackin, 2013). This is another cause of complaints for the customers since they do not get any images and demand a wide array of choice of designs for the products. A web designer suggested that an application could be developed where the customers could use a drop down menu for choosing a design and image regarding the products. This could increase the satisfaction within the customers. The profit in the initial stage would be provided to the investor after which it will be provided to a charity chosen by the students. There is no other alternative for making money from the project. The business does not utilize any referral methods and the only method of creating awareness of the product was website and word of mouth (Winkel, 2013). The venture faces certain challenges. These were lack of key staff having technical expertise, no after customer service proved by the company, long time period involved in delivery, turnover of key staff, lack of sales, no effective IT solution, lack of marketing strategy using social plan and lack of choice for the customers. The venture had no brand recognition and faced stiff competition from other competitors in the same industry (Chaston, 2014). Some recommendations that could be provided to the venture would be an integration and adoption of e-commerce and social media. The use of e-commerce could hike up the sales of the venture and sales promotion could be actively used on social media sites. The delivery period needs to be reduced. This could be achieved by utilizing lean management process. Certain unnecessary procedures could be eliminated, which could fasten up the delivery process and also reduce the cost involved in delivery process. Thus, this would reduce the grounds of complaint and grievance from the customers and also increase the efficiency of the business. Retention of key staffs is an important aspect for the organization to ponder on. Staff could be retained by increasing the morale of the staff. The motivation aspect has to be stressed on by identifying the needs and wants of staff and satisfying those needs and wants. The remuneration of the staff could be hiked, which will play a vital role in the retent ion of the staff. The business needs to hire and utilize the expertise of member have key technical and financial knowledge. This would lend critical help in the evaluation and assessment of strategies. Better decision making tactics could be utilized by the companies in formulating better techniques and strategies regarding production and sales of the product. People possessing marketing knowledge could be utilized so that marketing of the products could be done better by the company. The business needs to stress on providing after sales service and follow the policies of return of products. Customer satisfaction should be the primary focus of the business. An application needs to be developed where customers can have a wide array of choice of designs for the t-shirts and a drop down menu could be used for implying the use of images of the t-shirt in better selection of products by the users. The business venture needs to realize the necessity of creating brand awareness and this c ould be utilized by employing extensive and impactful advertisement of the products, so that it leads to an increase of sales and also allows the product to survive competition in the market. Conclusion On concluding the report, it is seen that the venture is a learning proposal with philosophical quotes printed on the t-shirt. It can be observed that the venture is still in its nascent stage and is undergoing changes before establishing its hold in the market. The venture does not have any employees and does not incur any variable cost with no telecommunication services. The venture utilizes a static website for incurring the sales. The company only incurs fixed cost and there is no use of social media for sales purpose. The company suffers from stiff competition and enjoys no brand awareness. There is complaint from some customers regarding the time period involved in delivery of t-shirts. The company produces 120 t-shirts but there is no enough sales generated by the company. Therefore, it can be concluded that the company is still in its initial stage and needs to overcome the challenges and loopholes existing in the business and apply remedial measures to overcome it. Reference List Bridge, S., O'Neill, K. (2012).Understanding enterprise: Entrepreneurship and small business. Palgrave Macmillan. Carland, J. C., Carland, J. W., Stewart, W. H. (2015). Seeing what's not there: The enigma of entrepreneurship.Journal of Small Business Strategy,7(1), 1-20. Carraher, S. M., Paridon, T. J. (2015). Entrepreneurship journal rankings across the discipline.Journal of Small Business Strategy,19(2), 89-98. Chaston, I. (2014).Small business marketing. Palgrave Macmillan. Colombo, M. G., Laursen, K., Magnusson, M., Rossià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Lamastra, C. (2012). Introduction: small business and networked innovation: organizational and managerial challenges.Journal of Small Business Management,50(2), 181-190. Gaskill, L. R., Van Auken, H. E., Kim, H. S. (2015). Impact of operational planning on small business retail performance.Journal of Small Business Strategy,5(1), 21-36. Glackin, C. (2013). Entrepreneurship: Starting and Operating a Small Business, 3e. Glackin, C. (2013). Entrepreneurship: Starting and Operating a Small Business, 3e. Goss, D. (2015).Small Business and Society (Routledge Revivals). Routledge. LiPuma, J. A., Newbert, S. L., Doh, J. P. (2013). The effect of institutional quality on firm export performance in emerging economies: a contingency model of firm age and size.Small Business Economics,40(4), 817-841. Lohrke, F. T., Franklin, G. M., Kothari, V. B. (2015). Top management international orientation and small business exporting performance: The moderating roles of export market industry factors.Journal of Small Business Strategy,10(1), 13-24. Lohrke, F. T., Franklin, G. M., Kothari, V. B. (2015). Top management international orientation and small business exporting performance: The moderating roles of export market industry factors.Journal of Small Business Strategy,10(1), 13-24. Scarborough, N. M. (2012). Essentials of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management.Instructor. Winkel, D. (2013). The changing face of entrepreneurship education.Journal of Small Business Management,51(3), 313-314.

Understanding of the Functions and Aims of Tribunals

Question: Demonstration of a clear understanding of how a tribunal works in practice and how it achieves the purposes for which it was established. Explain the issues surrounding use of precedent by tribunals. Answer: Introduction In United Kingdom, Employment Tribunals (also referred to as the Tribunal') have the status of an independent judicial body which serves to resolve disputes arising between the employers and employees in connection with the rights of employment. These Tribunals hear the claims concerning matters of employment, for instance, matters concerning redundancy, wages, unfair dismissal, and discrimination. The procedures of the Employment Tribunals are not as formal as that of the courts. For instance, it is not necessary to wear a gown at an Employment Tribunal. Like courts, the proceedings of the Tribunal are open for public access, and the evidence is given on affirmation or under oath. Details about Proceedings at the Tribunal The Tribunals have their own rules of procedure. Evidence at the Tribunals is assessed on the basis of the balance of probabilities. The claimants or the respondents do not have to prove their case beyond reasonable doubt. At the hearings, the Tribunals interrogate the witnesses, who are questioned under oath rather than providing written statements. Questions are put to the witnesses in an informal manner. Cross- examination of the witnesses is also conducted by the other party. Generally, the decisions are delivered by the Tribunal at the conclusion of the proceedings, on the day of the hearing itself. However, at times, if the cases are complex, the decision is announced after a few days. The said copy of the decision is forwarded to both the parties. If any party is not satisfied with the decision, it may either prefer an appeal to an Employment Appeal Tribunal or it may require the Tribunal to review the decision. Appeals should be preferred, if any, within a period of six weeks from the date of the decision and must always be based on points of law (Cushway, 2010). The proceeding that I observed was regarding unfair dismissal of an employee. The claimant, Mrs. Hargreaves used to work as a riding instructor. Some horses were used for giving the riding lessons, and others were kept to be used by clients against payment of fees. On one occasion, Mr. Hargreaves asked her manager for a sit on permission for her niece. The manager agreed to it. Later it was discovered that the child was only four years old, and the minimum age for riding happened to be five. Disciplinary proceedings were initiated against Mrs. Hargreaves for this conduct. Many other charges were leveled against her in the proceedings, and she was dismissed. At the hearing, Mrs. Hargreaves accepted that she did not comply with the rules strictly and that she did not regard it to be a strict requirement for an informal sit on. The Tribunal decided that Mrs. Hargreaves did not intentionally lie about the age of the child, and she was just mistaken. Moreover, since she was unaware of the issue of insurance, she did not consider the age of the child to be significant. The Tribunal concluded that the company was at fault for having dismissed Mrs. Hargreaves and ordered for reinstatement of her services. Appeal Procedure of the Tribunal In case a party to an employment dispute is not satisfied with the decision of the Employment Tribunal, it may prefer an appeal to the Employment Appellate Tribunal. The grounds on which an appeal may be preferred before an Employment Appellate Tribunal (also referred to as the EAT) are as follows; Application of improper laws Incorrect procedures have been followed The decision has not been reasoned The decision reflects biased attitude on the part of the Tribunal The appeal must be filed within six weeks from the date on which the decision was communicated to the parties. To initiate an appeal against a decision of the Tribunal, a Notice of Appeal must be served on the Employment Appellate Tribunal. The following details must be stated in the Notice of Appeal; Information about the parties The points of law on the basis of which the appeal has been filed The order that the appellant expects the EAT to deliver Documents, such as the original claim and response, the decision, and reasons of the Tribunal Purpose of Alternative Dispute Resolution mechanism The reasons that weigh in favor of adoption of Alternative Dispute Resolution methods are as follows; These ADR mechanisms appear to be much cheaper as compared to court proceedings. Decisions are passed by the adjudicating authority of the ADRs quicker than the court. These mechanisms are non-adversarial. Mediation that is one of the ADR mechanisms tries to arrive at a mutually agreeable point rather than the court that makes one party a winner and the other a loser. ADR mechanisms are very flexible. The parties are free to decide on their own rules and also the laws that they want to abide by. Owing to the above-stated reasons, we may say that at present the ADR mechanisms have become very popular amongst the business entities. The Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service (also referred to as the Acas) The Acas is a non-departmental public body of the Government of the United Kingdom. The aim of this body is to improve the working conditions of the organizations by way of promoting and facilitating tough industrial relations (Turner, 2013). This body achieves its objecting by various ADR methods like arbitration, mediation, and conciliation. The Acas is an impartial body that does not part ways with one side but renders decisions that appear to be acceptable to both parties concerned. The Acas intends to prevent problems from arising by way of telephone help lines and organizing training sessions (Parker, 2002). The Acas is considered to be a successful means of resolution of disputes owing to the following reasons; It improves the relations between employers and employees and prevents conflicts by way of providing Codes of Practice and also rendering guidance as regards, drafting of employment contracts or suggesting the employers ways to avoid disputes, etc. It provides training so as to enable the employers and employees to abide by its Code of Practice It provides conciliation services to the parties in dispute. Befoe a claim is filed with an Employment Tribunal, parties must notify the Acas. It tries to establish a mutually agreeable solution to the problems of the parties so that the potential time, costs and stress of undergoing the Tribunal system may be avoided. It also renders collective conciliation services to enable the employers and employees to reach mutually agreeable solutions to problems that affect groups of employees. It provides mediation services to enable the organizations for resolution of conflicts that arise amongst individuals within organizations. Conclusion We may conclude the aforesaid discussion by stating that the Employment Tribunals with the aid of the Acas has come a long way in resolving disputes arising between employers and employees with respect to rights of employment. References Cushway, B. (2010). The employer's handbook. London: Kogan Page. Cushway, B. (2014). The Employer's Handbook 2014-15. London: Kogan Page. Cushway, B. and Hallsworth, I. (2012). The employer's handbook 2012-13. London: Kogan Page. Mangan, D. (2013). Employment Tribunal Reforms to Boost the Economy. Industrial Law Journal, 42(4), pp.409-421. Martin, D. (2011). The A-Z of employment practice. London: Thorogood. Parker, G. (2002). Employment Appeals Tribunal. https://www.employmentappeals.gov.uk. Occupational Medicine, 52(3), pp.171-171. Phillips, J. (1978). Some Notes on the Employment Appeal Tribunal. Industrial Law Journal, 7(1), pp.137-142. Taylor, S. and Emir, A. (2009). Employment law. Oxford: New York. Turner, C. (2013). Unlocking Employment Law. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Urwin, P., Buscha, F. and Latreille, P. (2013). Representation in UK Employment Tribunals: Analysis of the 2003 and 2008 Survey of Employment Tribunal Applications (SETA). British Journal of Industrial Relations, 52(1), pp.158-184.