Review on How to talk so people would listen

How to talk so people will listen Introduction The author Steve Brown offers the student a helpful guide to effective communication. He emphasizes the basics of speech and conversation and makes us aware that speech allows us to communicate to others quickly or easily about our needs, feelings and desires. Speech allows us to correct false impressions or share our ideas. We are able with speech to encourage reprimand or inspire. With speech we can also express anger, love or Joy.Brown makes us aware of some of the setbacks which include include fear, speaking with authority, not wasting time, and inning the right to be heard. , He gives us the basic principles of how we can overcome such. Brown argues that if a speaker can master these basic principles, he or she can gain an audience and effectively speak to be remembered. Review In this book â€Å"how to talk so People will listen†, includes a wealth of advice and insightful information for the communicator.We are reminded th at words have power when God speaks his very speaking accomplishes the purpose of His word Isaiah 55:1 1 . Whether the reader has never made a speech before or he is a well- established and experienced professional, this book is very useful. Brown realizes the ower that speech has to influence people. For this reason it should be important to everyone who has a desire to impact an audience. The reason many people avoid public speaking, though, is because of the intimidation factor. Brown reasons that fears and intimidators must be faced confidently and realistically.Failure should be seen positively as â€Å"it is harder to learn from success than it is to learn from failure. † The speaker must not allow his performance to influence his feelings of self- value. Positive thinking about oneself and a positive optimistic mindset should enable the orator to face his fears and thus conquer them. In this culture, an audience will not listen unless the speaker communicates with auth ority. Brown explains if you want to talk so people would listen it is essential that you have the right words for the message you want to communicate.Thus having a good vocabulary is one of the primary elements of speaking with authority Words express the most power when they are properly used, so a thorough understanding of language is essential. The right words at the right times are of uttermost importance in effective communication. Brown goes on to describe further â€Å"roadblocks† that negatively influence speech and in turn remove the authority of the peaker. These roadblocks include a lack of clarity or preciseness and insensitivity. They inhibit communication and remove the authority of the speaker.The book continues to emphasize important characteristics of speech by opposing any waste of the audience's time. Brown describes elements of communication that carry over into one-on-one relationships as well. He realizes that speaking in front of large audiences should be as relational and should have as strong of a connection as speaking with Just one person. For this reason, attributes like humility and empathy go Just as far from the lectern as they do in a personal conversation. If the speaker demonstrates that ne is personable and esta blisnes a connection witn his audience they will no longer feel as if their time is being wasted.Other ways to not waste the audiences time are to add some unconventionality in your communication, express passion, share illustrations, and most basic of all follow the rule that â€Å"the longer the speech, the greater the chance of failure. The final necessity that a speaker must address is the winning of the right to be heard by the audience. The speaker must go to great lengths to understand and relate to his audience. The same speech to two very different groups of people hould most likely be very different!Things such as age, education, attention span, and venue should all be taken into consideration in th e preparation of a speech. If the speaker can connect with his audience, he can then impact them. But if no connection is established then any speech will most likely be forgettable. The audience should influence the topic, the presentation, and all other elements of a speech. If these things are taken into account, the speaker will win over the right to be heard. Lastly, Steven Brown convinces the reader to speak to be heard and remembered as is title suggests.

Is fundamental analysis redundant Essay

Introduction Shortly after the stock market crash in 1929, as the first batch of financial experts in the Great Wall, Benjamin Graham and David Dodd firstly mentioned the concept in a book called security analysis: Based on public information that intelligent investors are able to analyse securities and determine whether the current price of stocks and bonds is over or below their intrinsic value. The Critical thinking and strong logic make this theory become the foundation of nearly all investments theories in Wall Street. Warren Buffett, John Neff, Peter Lynch and other famous investors become the  best practitioners in fundamental analysis. This essay will firstly introduce the related theories of fundamental analysis. Secondly, the essay will explain free cash flow model to equity valuation and the qualitative and quantitative factors of fundamental analysis. Thirdly, choosing a particular company analyses the relationships between the leading financial ratios and its stock price. Finally, indicating why financial ratios and free cash flow model cannot explain Berkshire Hathaway cooperation’s stock price changed during global financial crisis. Theory Aasuumption & Metholody Theory Fundamental analysis which is based on analyzing the intrinsic value of securities, focuses on factors affecting the stock price and its trend and lets investors determine what type of securities they choose to buy and when to buy. (Lee and Swaminathan 1999, 8 )The basic assumption of fundamental analysis is that value investors believe that the market price is determined by its intrinsic value and the stock price can reflect its intrinsic value in the long term. Cash flow model Fundamental analysts use cash flow model, dividend model to roughly estimate a company’s intrinsic value. They assume that the stock price of the intrinsic value is its present value of the stream of expected cash flows and the selected reference values are based on generating the cash flow data. For example, using free cash flow model to measure intrinsic value, investors firstly assume the observed company can increase at constant rate and then choose the reference value based on a constant growth rate (g)to estimate free cash flow the next 10 years. Secondly, they calculate the present value of the 10-year cash flow based on the constantly discounted rate (k). Secondly, they estimate the terminal value P10=free cash flow*(1+g)/(k-g) and calculate its present value. Thirdly, they get the present value of the company and calculate pre- share value: equity value/numbers of shares. Rational investors can make well-informed investment decisions according to the relationship betw een market price and intrinsic value. Qualitative factors On the company level, fundamental analysis focused on two factors: qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative and quantitative analyses have a dialectical relationship. Both analyses should join together to analysis and inspect on a particular company. Although qualitative analysis is used for physical areas, with the usage to tackle non-financial information, it can be widely useful in business and finance fields.(kesh and Raja 2005, 167) The qualitative analysis of the company level is concerned with products and services, competitive advantage, management efficiency, corporate culture. Advanced products can get increasing cash inflows and improve company value (Carter and Demissew 2008, 63) because booming demand for products and services can lead to a high reinvestment rate of the company, this creates additional wealth.( Madden 2007, 125) Competitive advantage can includes producing capacity and the efficiency of a company’s design and cost controlling better than the industry’s competitors. Generating a competitive advantage for a company will creates stakeholder value. (Vilanova, Lozano and Arenas 2009, 63) The improvement of management efficiency can lower operating costs and company culture can enhance corporate image, leading to improvement of company value. Quantitative factors The quantitative factors in fundamental analysis are based on a deep understanding of financial reports which is the process of identifying opportunities and threats from the company, so investors must be concerned with the balance sheet, cash flow statement and income statement analysis. Financial statements consist of all important historical information about the company’s operation management during a specific time period (quarterly, annually). All these information provide an overview of a company’s business activities and can help managers assess the company’s wellbeing. (Dayanandan 2010, 116) Financial statement Different users are interested in different areas of the financial statements. For example, investors and equity holders are concerned with  expected earnings and dividends of the observed companies. Company’s executives usually focus on the company’s capacity. Therefore, based on historical reports, different users can get valuable information about what they concentrate on. Financial statement analysis includes selected data from financial statements to predict the company’s financial health.( Hagos and Pal 2010, 441) Applying these data from financial reports, such as profitability ratio, liquidity ratio, management efficiency ratio, debt ratio, market performance ratio analyses year by year to determine whether to buy or sell observed companies. Based on analyzing financial statements, financial analysts are able to use profitability ratio, including gross margin, ROE to indicate how efficiently revenue is generated. The liquidity ratio such as current ratio, net working capital can be used to prove the firm’s ability to generate sufficient liquidity when needed and to meet short term obligations. For example, current ratio is an indicator as a rate of current assets to current liabilities. It measures the liquidity status of a company. With a higher current ratio over time, this company will be able to meet its current obligations and experience less financial risk.( Zaki, Bah and Rao 2011, 315) Table1 Sourced by Berkshire Year ROE Total asset turnover Debt/equity P/E P/B closed Price 2003 0.105 0.588 1.32 12.7 1.34 $84280 2004 0.085 0.394 1.20 18.8 1.6 $87900 2005 0.093 0.412 1.16 15.5 1.45 $88620 2006 0.102 0.397 1.27 12.5 1.27 $109990 Table 1 above shows the some figures provided by Berkshire corporation’s annual report from 2003 to 2006. During this period, the stock price has a significant increase from $67600 in Jan 2rd, 2003 to $109990 in Dec 1st, 2006. And from 2003 to 2006, Berkshire Hathaway Inc’s net worth is $13.6billion, $8.3billion, $5.6billion and 16.9billion respectively. Graph1: Berkshire Hathaway(BRK) Inc’s stock price between 2003 and 2006 Sourced by yahoo finance The increase of Net worth can indicate the stock price’s change during this period. The gain in net worth during 2003 was $13.6billion, which increased the per-share book value of its stock by 21% from $41727 to $50498. Because of good quarterly reports and an annual report, the stock price reflected the company’s performance, rising from $67600 to $89490. However, between 2004 and 2005, the gain in net worth increased $8.3billion and $5.6billion. Although in 2004 Berkshire’s book-value gain of 10.5% fell short of the index’s 10.9% return, the net worth fell from $13.6billion to $8.3billion, leading to fluctuation of the stock price during 2004. In 2005, the net worth fell to $5.6 billion because hurricane caused loss worth of $34billion. And in the stock market, the price fluctuated and even slightly increased. However, the price reflected the company’s performance. As a multi-business company, its main business-insurance company called GEICO improved its management efficiency at nearly 32% and warranty numbers increased by 26%. On the other hand, insurance float of BRK’s insurance company increased from 46 billion to 49 billion. Due to the capital cost rate of mostly 0% and improving competitiveness, its stock price rose sharply. Financial ratios (price to book ratio and earnings per share ratio) measure share price compared to earnings, book value per share and indicate whether the market overvalues, undervalues and appropriately values the firm’ shares. Managers use to assess investors’ perceptions of future prospects. Some investors invest in stock market based on analyzing financial statements. Table2 Table2 shows mainly the relationship between the book value and stock price. Financial analysts are willing to use book value to measure the stock price. From the table 2 above, the book value of the Berkshire Hathaway increases from $14426 in 1995to $70281 in 2006 and the company’s stock movements, rising from $31900 in 1995 to $110050 in 2006. In addition to particular years, these two charts reflect clearly whether a short term or a long term, the trend of the book value and stock price is roughly the same. In the long term, the growth rate of the net worth is a useful indicator to justify intrinsic value. From 1995 to 2006, the net worth of Berkshire Hathaway’s  net worth increased from $5.3billion to $16.9billion, more than 3.18 times growth during the period. Stock price had increased 3.44 times with book value 4.87 times. Although 1n 1999, the net worth fell to 0.358billion, in the long term, this company still had a significant increase in its stock market per formance. Analysts also can apply activity ratios such as total asset turnover ratio and average payment ratio period to measure management effectiveness in managing its assets and to determine whether the investment in particular asset categories is too high or too low and also find out the efficiency or speed in converting accounts to sales or cash. (Dayanandan 2010, 114)Debt ratios such as debt to equity ratio and debt ratio can indicate financial leverage and the apparent financial risk assumed by the firm’s equity holders. Application Dow Jones Graph2 Dow Jones industrial index Sourced by yahoo finance Graph2 shows the change of Dow Jones industrial index before, during and after global financial crisis. The global financial crisis started in 2007 because the burst of housing bubble caused credit crisis especially in the debt markets.( McCarthy, Solomonand Mihalekl 2012, 1277 ) the stock market highly violated between 2007 and 2009. For example, in United States, the stock market increased to the peak in October 2007 with the Dow Jones Industrial Average about 14,000. After that duration, the Dow Jones dropped sharply from 12,000 in August 2008 to 6,600 in March 2009. After 2009, there is significant increase until now, rising to 14,929. Company- Berkshire Hatchaways Berkshire’s core business for insurance business includes the property casualty reinsurance and special class insurance company. For the past 25 years, this company has increasingly strong capital and little debt, for shareholders to create the value of more than 25% growth on average every  year. Table 3 shows analysis ratios and stock price from 2006 to 2012. Table3 Year ROE Total asset turnover Debt/equity P/E P/B closed Price 2006 0.102 0.40 1.27 12.5 1.27 $109990 2007 0.109 0.43 1.24 13.8 1.51 $141600 2008 0.046 0.40 1.41 38.16 1.71 $96600 2009 0.059 0.38 1.19 18.1 1.11 $99200 2010 0.08 0.37 1.29 14.9 1.24 $120450 2011 0.06 0.37 1.32 19 1.18 $114755 2012 0.077 0.38 1.23 14 1.1 $133000 Sourced by Berkshire Graph3 Berkshire’s stock price between 2006 and 2012 Sourced by yahoo finance The gain in net worth during 2006 was $13.6billion, which increased the per-share book value of its stock by 18.4% to $109990. In 2007, the net worth is 12.3billion, which increased the per-share book value of its stock by 11% to $141600. However, in 2008, the stock price fell to $96600, and then there is an increasing trend from 2009 to 2012. Total assets turnover ratio Total assets turnover ratio measures the management efficiency of the firm in managing its total assets to generate sales. A high ratio suggests greater efficiency. Figures shown in table3, the total assets turnover ratio during global crisis had slight change between 0.37 and 0.40. However, the stock price changed sharply, so the stock price can not reflect the stability of this ratio. ROE indicates the rate of return realized by a firm’s shareholders on their investments and uses as an indicator for the company’s operation. Return on equity (ROE) Return on equity (ROE) is the best indicator to learn how much money a company is making for its investors and measurement of the company’s operations. (Dayanandan 2010, 117) However, ROE is also sensitive to leverage. Assuming that proceeds from debt financing can be invested at a return greater than the borrowing rate, ROE will increase with greater amounts of leverage. From 2007 to 2008, the debt to equity ratio increased by 13.7%, from 1.24 to 1.41. However, ROE rate fell sharply from 10.9% to 4.6%. Although ROE overreact to debt change, Berkshire’s fundamental did not change in 2008. Most of Berkshire’s business is affected by the economic significant downward in 2009. However, its manufacturing services and retail generated a lot of cash flow and continued to consolidate their market competitive advantage. Berkshire’s two most important businesses: business insurance and utilities also had a good growth rate. These businesses produced a large amount of business profits in 2008. P/E ratio P/E ratio is a common approach used by security analysts. In practice, investors usually use expected P/E ratio for the following year and analyse whether the stock price is overvalued or undervalued on the basis. P/E ratio indicates that a stock of its P/E rate over 30 is more likely to be overpriced. The P/E ratio in 2007 and 2008 is 13.8 and 38 respectively and the stock price during the period time of 2007 and 2008 is $141600 and $96600. The change of stock price is overreact to the pre-share earnings. P/B ratio P/B ratio gives some idea of whether an investor is paying too much for what would be left if the company went bankrupt immediately. From 2006 to 2009, P/B ratio increased or decreased had no direct correspondence with the stock price. However, to most companies, the book value is always lower than the stock price. Because most companies have intangible assets such as brand name, specialized skillsï ¼Å'product pricing power. These factors can not reflect in the balance sheet, but the long term trend of the market value is similar with book value. It seems that when P/B ratio increases, the gap between book value and stock price increases. On the other hand, the gap shows investors are willing to hold the stock due to its intangible assets. Cash flow model All these financial ratios cannot explain what happened in 2008 and using cash flow model to estimate the stock price also cannot explain this situation. Because investors assume the company can increase at constant rate. Although they use long-term GDP growth rate to reduce the risk of assessing value, this growth rate cannot explain and predict what happened during the investing period. They also use CAPM to measure discounted rate given by the risk-free interest rate plus a risk premium. The formula is ki=Rf+(Rm-Rf)ÃŽ ²i. However, ÃŽ ²sometimes cannot estimate risk between the market and stock. For example, a company’s market value increases from 10billion t0 20billion is less than market value of the company from 10billion to 3billion. If the company still operate well, from the market side, the risk of buying a company of the market value of 20billion is less than buying the same company of its market value of 3billion. Conclusion Therefore, during global financial crisis, fundamental analysis was useless. It is clear that during some periods the stock price is overvalued or undervalued significantly from its intrinsic value, leading to highly volatility of market price. Any market volatility is considered as irrational performances, so these market valuations caused by behavioral finance which do not have impacts on the company’s assets valuations and  operations. (Adams, Armitage and FitzGerald 2012, 157). In the long term, the trend of the stock price is similar to the trend of its intrinsic value. On the other hand, in the short term, market price is influenced and fluctuated by political, economic, psychological factors, so market price is always undervalued or overvalued, but it is fluctuating around the intrinsic value. Some research show that sometimes earnings information cannot react to the stock market simultaneously and all the public financial information pose a gradual influence on the stock market for a while. During global financial crisis, the stock price sharply fluctuated because of financial behavior. Debt crisis caused by housing loan had a significant impact on people’s confidence. Trader’s low confidence let them make decisions irrationally. Reference list 1. Lee, C.M.C. and Swaminathan, B. 1999. â€Å"Valuing the Dow: A bottom-up approach.† Financial Analysts Journal 55 (5): 4-23. 2. Kesh, Someswar. and Raja, M. K. 2005. â€Å"Development of a qualitative reasoning model for financial forecasting.† Information Management & Computer Security 13 (2): 167-179. 3. Carter, T. and Demissew, D.E. 2008. â€Å"Value innovation management and discounted cash flow.† Management Decision 46(1): 58-76. 4. Madden, B.J. 2007. â€Å"Guidepost to Wealth Creation: Value-Relevant Track Records.† Journal of Applied Finance 17 (2): 119-130. 5. Vilanova, M., Lozano, J.M. and Arenas, D. 2009. â€Å"Exploring the Nature of the Relationship Between CSR and Competitiveness.†Journal of Business Ethics 87: 57-69. 6. Dayanandan, R. 2010. â€Å"Working Capital Management for Sustainable Cooperatives.† Global Business and Management Research 2(1): 102-124. 7. Hagos, T.M. and Pal, G. 2010. â€Å"The means of analysis and evaluation for corporate performances. â€Å"Annales Universitatis Apulensis : Series Oeconomica 12 (1): 438-449. 8. Zaki, E., Bah, R. and Rao, A. 2011. â€Å"Assessing probabilities of financial distress of banks in UAE.† International Journal of Managerial Finance 7 (3): 304-320. 9. McCarthy, Mary., Solomon, P., and Mihalek, Paul. 2012. â€Å"Financial Crisis During 2007 And 2008: Efficient Markets Or Human Behavior?† Journal of Applied Business Research 28 (6): 1275-1281. 10. Adams, A., Armitage, S. and FitzGerald, A. 2012. â€Å"An analysis of stock market volatility.† Annals of Actuarial Science 6ï ¼Ë†1ï ¼â€°Ã¯ ¼Å¡153-170.

MicroEconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

MicroEconomics - Essay Example This type of monopoly emerges due to natural advantages like abundant mineral resources, good location and so on. For instance, Gulf nations have monopoly in the exploration of crude oil as a result of plenty of natural oil resources (Mankiw & Taylor, 2006).   It also occurs when it is financially impractical or impossible for many companies to engage in a business, for example, when it requires large investments of capital that other companies cannot raise (Tucker, 2011). This occurs when the government passes laws and regulations that reserve a particular trade, services or goods for government agencies (McKenzie & Lee, 2006). For instance, many governments are in charge of running water. Occurs when multiple businesses or firms combine or amalgamate, for example, a combination between competitors like Burger firm and Pizza firm leads to join monopoly thus reducing competition (Tucker, 2011). Monopolies exist so as to dominate the market place by controlling the pricing of a specific product. This is due to lack of economic competition because such a firm controls a significant volume of the market. It also exists due to high overhead cost which discourages other firms (Tucker, 2011). For instance, it requires a high overhead cost to construct power lines from scratch and acquire necessary equipment to generate power, making power company a monopoly. c) Intellectual property protection- extension of patents and copyrights to businesses by the government give them the right of being the sole provider of that new product thus creating a temporary monopoly (Mankiw & Taylor,

Consumers' Attitude towards a role of Celebrity, Endorsements in Article

Consumers' Attitude towards a role of Celebrity, Endorsements in Advertising - Article Example Its significance can be seen in the fact that in the UK alone, companies spent almost 19.4 billion in 2007 on advertising (UK Advertising Statistics, 2008). Furthermore, the total advertising expenditure in the US for the same year was a whopping $279.6 billion (U.S. Annual Advertising Spending Since 1919, 2008). Also in the UK, the advertising industry provides almost thirteen thousand jobs, which shows how it has helped the British economy (Whyte, n.d.). This is because capitalism has engendered an emphasis on consumerism wherein economies rely mostly on consumption expenditure (Busler, 2002). For instance, consumption expenditure accounted for an estimated 68% of US GDP (Busler, 2002). Consequently, companies have to rely on—aside from product and service quality and other strategies needed to produce what consumers will buy—advertising in order to attract consumers (Busler, 2002). Hence, based on these facts, it cannot be denied that advertising plays a major role in today’s cutthroat world of business. The competition is so fierce that a supermarket in the US is known to carry an estimated twelve thousand brands in their store—and that is just a supermarket, it does not even include department stores and other industries where brand names are important (Kulkarni and Gaulkar, 2005). Because of this, numerous advertising strategies—where the avenues used are the different types of media: TV, film, print and radio—have been developed throughout the years to make sure that the billions spent on it is worthwhile. Moreover, because of the proven significance of advertising to various businesses, whether big or small, innumerable studies have been conducted in order to ascertain its effects on consumer behavior and attitudes—as the end goal of advertising is, of course, to sell products and increase revenues for companies. Due to the vast range of resources on advertising principles and its impacts on

Procter nd Gmble nd 'Orgnistion 2005' Case Study

Procter nd Gmble nd 'Orgnistion 2005' - Case Study Example HÐ °lf the brÐ °nds were mÐ °rked with potentiÐ °l the growth while the rest were frozen. In Ð ° retÐ °il business more Ð °nd more occupied by privÐ °tely owned lÐ °bel goods, P&G’s top products were hÐ °ving difficulty competing. More Ð °gile competitors were left P&G behind the mÐ °rket by lÐ °unching products, executing mÐ °rketing plÐ °ns better Ð °nd finÐ °lly by fÐ °ster product innovÐ °tion. It wÐ °s Ð °lso thought thÐ °t P&G’s profitÐ °bility wÐ °s being slowed down due to increÐ °sing dominÐ °nce of retÐ °ilers like WÐ °l-MÐ °rt, who controlled the point-of-sÐ °le.In Ð °n Ð °ttempt to reinforce the growth, P&G Ð °nnounced Ð ° corporÐ °te restructuring progrÐ °m, cÐ °lled OrgÐ °nizÐ °tion 2005, in September 1998. The objective of the progrÐ °m wÐ °s to improve P&G’s competitive position Ð °nd generÐ °te operÐ °ting competences through more Ð °mbitious goÐ °ls, enhÐ °ncing greÐ °ter innovÐ °tions Ð °nd dimi nishing time-to-mÐ °rket. This wÐ °s to be reÐ °ched by considerÐ °ble redesign of compÐ °ny’s orgÐ °nizÐ °tionÐ °l structure, work processes, culture Ð °nd pÐ °y structures. OrgÐ °nizÐ °tion 2005 design Ð s it wÐ °s Ð °lreÐ °dy mentioned, OrgÐ °nizÐ °tion 2005 is the lÐ °test initiÐ °tive by Procter & GÐ °mble (P&G) worldwide Ð °nd the one thÐ °t defined the next phÐ °se of orgÐ °nizÐ °tionÐ °l development Ð °nd growth. ... 2) Plcing Compny's Globl Business Services to stndrdize systems, reduce internl opertions nd better serve customers worldwide; 3) Simplifying Compny's orgniztionl structure to reduce hierrchy nd hurry up decision mking. From the words of P&G Chief Executive Durk I. Jger, the compny ws ment to redesign orgniztionl structure completely, struggle for constnt innovtions through work process, substntil finncil benefits, fster speed of mrket nd greter growth. Under Orgniztion 2005, P&G is chnging from four business units bsed on territoril regions to seven Globl Business Units (GBU) bsed on product lines. This chnge is designed to drive greter innovtion nd speed by emphsizing strtegy nd profit responsibility globlly on mrkets, rther thn territories. P&G lso estblished eight Mrket Development Orgniztions (MDO), the regions whose objective ws to tilor globl mrketing progrms to locl mrkets nd develop mrket strtegies to build compny's entire business on superior consumer nd customer knowledge. Within Orgniztion 2005, P&G lso lunched Globl Business Services (GBS). Its overhed functions such s humn resources, ccounting, order mngement, nd informtion technology were consolidted from seprte geogrphic regions to one corporte orgniztion tht would serve ll GBUs. Finlly, P&G redefined the role of Corporte Functions. Most of the corporte stff were trnsferred to one of the new business units, with the remining stff refocused on developing cutting-edge new knowledge nd serving corporte needs. Costs of the Progrm Orgniztion 2005 involved substntil costs. Of the pproximtely $1.9 billion in costs, $400 million were plnned for 1999, $1 billion over the next two fiscl yers,

How did African American and Native Americans shape Colonial America Essay

How did African American and Native Americans shape Colonial America and how were they shaped by Colonial America - Essay Example At the same time, with their divergent social and cultural beliefs, the colonial America also contributed immensely in shaping the practises of both the two races. The twenty first century American culture can be highly attributed to the struggle and input of the black and Native Americans. The black Americans received a very hostile reception in which they were treated more like underdogs. They were barred from participating in societal activities, nor even serving in a position of authority above a white American. Random killing by racial groups became an order of the day for the black Americans. However, despite the bleak future that faced them, the African Americans changed the course of their history and that of the continent for good. The fight that the African American embraced enabled them to change from being the American slaves and workers to being the American citizens, this became the basis of democratic struggle in colonial America. Despite of the weaknesses that nature presented them with, the African Americans embody the true struggle of democratic freedom and equality for all Americans (Breen and Innes 74). According to Breen and Innes 77, the eastern shores of Virginia developed during the colonial America because of the black presence. ... son, known mostly as ‘Antony the Negro’ is used by the authors to illustrate the spirit of hard work and struggle that the black Americans cultivated. He had a great ability to interact with other whites setting the pace for cross-cultural relations and friendships (Breen and Innes 74). The notion of more property equals more freedom and power among the American people was also built by these interactions by Antony the Negro. The Native Indian population were subjected to the aggressive rule of the European colonisers. The arrival of the guest from the west meant a complete change of lifestyle and freedom within their society. The Indians were the original farmers in the American continent and this encouraged the Europeans to create agricultural settlements in the continent. As a result, the growth of farming and huge crop plantations in the continent was borrowed from the practises of the native Indians (Richter 84). The development of the slave trade and immigration of the blacks into the American continents traces its roots to the activities and cultures of the Native Americans. As the need for more raw agricultural materials grew, the need for more strong and hardy workers developed. Africans became the only alternative due to their vulnerability and the European invasion at the time. The Indian Americans were also considered weak as compared to the blacks, this is how the native Indians shaped the history of the colonial America (Richter 90). Colonial America was characterised by a number of activities that defined the behaviours of the native and African Americans way of life. The mass movements of the population from the African continent into a new land and life marked transition in the lives of the black Africans. From a completely different cultural

Company law has failed to provide a solution to excess pay Essay

Company law has failed to provide a solution to excess pay - Essay Example It can be seen that the remuneration committee has a great role to play in as far as maintenance of the appropriate level of the directors’ remuneration is concerned. The directors’ remuneration is mainly comprised of the following: salary, bonus, stock options, restricted share plans, pension among other benefits. There is a close link between agency problems that shareholders have in managing the directors. Berle and Means in case of the The Modern Corporation and Private Property (1932) have identified some problems that are caused by separation of ownership as well as control in US companies around the 1930s. They realised that big companies had share ownership that is dispersed which entitled the board of directors to exert control over the company instead of the actual shareholders. If the directors run the company for their own benefit, this can cause significant problems since they may end up awarding themselves large pay packages as well as benefits. Thus, in order to resolve this crisis, the role of the remuneration committee has been put under spotlight by the Greenbury Report and The Code. The Greenbury Committee was established after widespread public concerns were raised over the excessive amount of money paid to directors of both quoted newly privatized companies. When this code was published in 1995, it specifically dealt with the question of directors’ pay and the bulk of its recommendations were made from the earlier Cadbury Report. The Greenbury Report has recommended that directors’ pay should be linked to the company’s performance. It also tries to address the problem of rewarding directors who have failed to run the company but at the end of the day get away with handsome benefits. The main aim of the remuneration committee is to prevent the directors from deciding their own levels of remuneration. The Greenbury Report has recommended that the

Marketing Internationally Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marketing Internationally - Essay Example r a business can only be successful globally if the management takes into account other factors that are related to the change in the geographical location of the product. Factors such as culture, economy and politics can have a huge impact on the launch of product in a foreign market (Balmer, 2001). Hence the paper reinforces the concept that marketing research is not only limited to research related to the product but it is also related to research relating to all the factors that are going to have an effect on the product launch feasibility in the new geographical area (Kotler & Keller, 2011). Since the paper deals with formation of the basis of the new business idea, we will discuss the marketing research for the idea in detail i.e. discussion regarding launch of an existing product in a completely new geographical area. Hence the components of marketing research have been discussed below in detail. The chosen product is Fiber One bar from the American company Fiber One working under the General Mills. The selected location for the launch is Pakistan. Fiber One bar has been introduced in the industry as a product for health conscious people as it offers taste of chocolate and less calories at the same time. It is a very famous product in USA in the female population. The reason for selection of Pakistan for the product launch is the current changing trends in the country, within a few geographical areas of the country, a certain demographic segment is showing interest in purchasing healthy products due to which local stores are offering exported products that have been brought through unprofessional procedures (General Mills (USA), 2011). Based on all these evidences, a strong need for this product has been identified and the observable factors give very high probability of the product’s success in the market. However, there is a very high chance of failure of the product if proper analysis of the country isn’t carried out. We have identified the

Stages of Unbelief. What is Skepticism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Stages of Unbelief. What is Skepticism - Essay Example What is Skepticism? Skepticism, in philosophical terms, is the point of view, which tackles the philosophical thesis with rational thought and doubtful criticism. According to Gary Gutting in Religious Belief and Religious Skepticism (87), this action leads to thinking and thought, which is based on logic and aimed towards dispute and criticism. Under a narrow view, religious skepticism is considered as that point of view which puts every organized belief or practice, commonly understood as religion, into doubt. This is done through a rational argument on the righteousness, value and ethics of that particular organized religion. Moreover, different philosophers, for example, like Kant, have talked highly about skepticism in their works. Kant has drawn much of his analysis from the works of David Hume, who is regarded as the most formidable skeptic in the history of Western philosophy. Much of Hume’s work on skepticism is drawn from the idea that he endorsed empirical science a nd considered founding the â€Å"science of man† as a heavy project (Thompson n.p.). One, therefore, should understand that when considering skepticism, science would come into debate at a number of times. Since metaphysics is broadly considered to be associated with supernatural, much of Kant’s skepticism draws on the work of metaphysical aspect of philosophy. According to Kant, there are three types of skepticism. These broadly include â€Å"veil of perception†, which seeks legitimacy by drawing inference of the external-mind world to one’s own mental representations. Hence, this concerns metaphysics. Humean skepticism elucidates upon the concepts that are not understood by sensible impressions and knowledge of certain ideas which are not proved by logical law nor known from experience. Therefore, again this concerns much of metaphysics, because the concepts that are not understood from the mind are discussed. Pyrrhonian skepticism establishes a balance between opposing arguments, hence having understanding of both the ideas of knowledge, for example, from the ones who believe in religion, and the ones who do not believe in religion (Forster 1). However, Kant and his approach were against skepticism and his Copernican Revolution tried to fight against skepticism. Kant propagated that religion was largely practice, not theory, and not based on facts, and was something private and subjective. Religion equaled ethics, put simply (Catholic Education n.p.). Christopher Scheitle in â€Å"Religious and Spiritual Change† (59) propagates that skepticism as a whole can be understood in the light of the insight into the way religious people believe blindly in different existing religions in the world. As argued, religious people never criticize their beliefs, because they have this idea that it is a great sin, a contradiction to their religion and that predominantly, it is a sacrilege (Gutting, pp. 93). This promotes the spread of rel igious dogma which leaves no room to doubt over a certain aspect or argue over a certain thing. Hence, followers of religion attempt to blindly follow religion and adopt the ideas of a particular religion as a supreme truth of which no violation can be done. However, they disregard the verity that their beliefs can be paradoxical, confusing, disastrous, unnatural and even antiscientific. This usually occurs because these people communicate with their supernatural being in the most irrational ways which makes their religious beliefs and, hence, religion highly questionable, even to themselves and the society (Zagzebski 212). This religious dogma also gives rise to the fervor of sacrificing their lives for the

The Knights of Columbus Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Knights of Columbus - Case Study Example According to the research findings, the Knights of Columbus has over 1200 employees and a revenue turnover of over $1.2 billion.The services provided are insurance and financial services that are aimed at supporting the families that are affected by the death of their loved ones. The organization has over 1.7 million members and over 13000 councils in countries such as the Philippines, Canada, Mexico, Guam the Bahamas, Virgin Islands, Cuba, the Poland Dominican Republic amongst other states. The main purpose of its existence is that of instilling practical Catholic discipline on its members so that they can understand the norms and beliefs of the religion. Knights of Columbus also promote Catholic education and charity to its members so that they can learn how to carry out their activities in the future. The core values of this organization are charitable work, Catholicism, and acts of volunteering. For example in the year 2003, over $130 million efforts were contributed and over $ 6 0 million hours were contributed to the church and other projects. They promote the intellectual and social integration to its members through the provision of education, charitable work, social welfare and relief in both the war and the public domain. With time Knights of Columbus was able to venture into the insurance industry whereby they were to offer financial compensation to its members in case a financial loss occurred. According to Anderson, the main mission of the Company is to protect the interests of the Catholic families with life insurance. A service refers to the work done by people on behalf of their customers so that they can derive some benefit from it. The management of the organization issues insurance policies to its customers in form of thousands of dollars who are of ages 18 to 60 years so that they can benefit from the services provided to them within the stipulated period of time. It also ensures that its members do not have financial difficulties when they f ace problems that are related to death or illness. The service interaction refers to the process of identifying a service that can allow a provider to question the principal concerning pertinent information so as to clarify principals' preferences of different kinds of information that can improve on their living standards. These services are provided to the customers so that they can fulfill their needs and desires within a stipulated period of time. The management of Knights of Columbus is expected to compensate the members who incur losses since they contribute on a monthly basis to cover for any uncertainties that occur during their stay in the organization. Service Chain analysis is a strategy that is used by a business organization so that they can have a competitive advantage over their customers.

Jamie Oliver’s language Essay Example for Free

Jamie Oliver’s language Essay In this essay I am going to be talking about the different aspects of Jamie Oliver’s language and how he adapts and uses these language features in his TED speech.Jamie Oliver successfully uses many language devices in order to help him communicate with his audience. I will be looking at Oliver’s and examining how effective it is and also some features of spontaneous speech, which are shown in the speech.Firstly, I am going to look at Jamie Oliver’s planned and prepared language that he uses. Oliver has obviously taken time to adapt his lexis to suit his American audience.Phrases such as â€Å"health care bills† and â€Å"dollars† are some examples of this. Using these Americanisms would ensure that his audience understands the full message that he is trying to put across to them. If he used phrases such as â€Å"pounds† it would weaken the emphasis he is making he could not have full communication with his audience, as they would struggle to understand the extent of his message. Next, there is a strong display of socialect and idiolect in Jamie Oliver’s spontaneous speech. This shows that even though he has adapted some of his lexis and thought about what he is going to say, he often switches to spontaneous speech and his socialect and idiolect come through. An example of this is â€Å" aint†. As this is a very-English word, it shows that this would be part of Oliver’s spontaneous speech. However it may also have been planned as it shows that even though he is trying to adapt to suit his audience he may have used â€Å"ain’t† to keep his identity and also make his speech more engaging.Pauses are a common prosodic feature in Jamie Oliver’s speech. Often used subconsciously, they are slight breaks in speech that can be used in spontaneous speech for the speaker to think about what they are going to say next, but also can be planned in order to add effect. An example of are long pause is â€Å"let’s be honest guys,(0.5) you aint got that cash.† This is a clear example of using pauses to add effect. Its hows that Oliver is passionate about the subject he is talking about and adding as light humourous edge to his talk.All these are features that Jamie Oliver uses in his speech, whether it be spontaneous or planned. Each one has a specific effect and adds to his speech. Altogether I have found that these features are integral to the success of his speech and enhance the message he is bringing to his audience.

How Different People Behave in the Presence of Authority Essay Example for Free

How Different People Behave in the Presence of Authority Essay The survey and behavior study was conducted in a finance office branch of the United States military. The office is comprised of both military and civilian employees as well as several different races and nationalities. A short written survey was conducted in order to discover how the military versus civilian personnel behaved in the presence of authority as well as how different races and nationalities behaved in the presence of authority. These surveys were filled out voluntarily and participants were asked not to include their name on their survey in order to remove any identification or bias. However, they were asked to provide information about their military or civilian status. In addition, observations were also recorded after the survey as the employees went about their normal business activities while at least one authority figure was present. The questions asked are as followed: 1. Do you work harder when an authority figure is present? Why or why not? 2. How do you normally respond to authority while on the job? 3. What do authority figures do to motivate you to work harder? 4. What do authority figures do that causes you to not work as hard? 5. What can authority figures do in the future to motivate you? Combined with the observations this survey provided valuable insight into the differences in behavior among civilian and military employees as well as differences across races and nationalities. The most striking discovery was that military personnel appear to be more motivated when in the presence of authority. From a personal standpoint, this phenomenon may be due to the intense training and fear of punishment within the military. Military soldiers and officers are trained to respond immediately to authority and to refrain from questioning authority. At the same time, military personnel cannot be simply fired from a job as civilians are. In the majority of cases, military personnel sign up for a certain amount of time in the military and failing to meet these obligations is much more complicated than just being fired. This is one possible reason why the military employees within this particular finance office respond so positively to authority figures. Further, the written surveys provided additional support for this theory. The military employees overwhelmingly responded that they were more motivated when an authority figure was present. Similarly, the majority of military employees also answered that this was because they wanted to perform well for their immediate boss but that they also wanted to avoid the humiliation that comes with making unnecessary mistakes. The civilian employees also answered that they were more motivated to work harder in the presence of an authority figure. However, their reasoning was most often due to their fear of losing their job if they did not perform well enough. The questions and observations regarding behavior associated with not working as hard also provided some valuable insight into the differences between military and civilian personnel. The military employees reported that they often were much more at ease when an authority figure was not present but that they could never completely let down their guard. Several of those military employees who participated in the study reported that they felt as if someone was always watching them and that any unbecoming behavior would eventually make its way to their commanding officers which would put their rank and position in jeopardy. In contrast, the civilian employees reported being able to joke around and being a little less focused on their work when an authority figure was not present. However, two of those surveyed responded that they were hesitant to engage in this type of behavior in front of military personnel simply because the military employees did not behave in this way. There were also some important differences found among the different races and ethnicities within this particular finance office. For example, there is one Middle Eastern civilian employee who works in the office as well as one Indian civilian. These two employees are very dedicated to their jobs and work very hard to perform well. They are both very respectful of their white bosses and strive to please them at all times. These two employees were not observed engaging in any different types of behavior when authority figures were not present. Instead, they continued their work as if the authority figure was still in the room. Additionally, they were always careful to make eye contact with the person they were speaking with and were also careful to remain respectful at all times. While the white military and civilian officers were also observed to be respectful and dedicated to their work, they were also more likely to be more relaxed when interacting with authority figures. Further, they were also more likely to have relationships with their bosses in the form of questions about their families and activities when not on the clock. The hours that employees work in this particular finance office are from 0730 until 1600. The observations and survey took place within these hours. The written survey was conducted between 0800 and 0900 and the remainder of the day was filled with observations regarding behavior. The observations provided important insight about the differences in motivation in the morning versus towards the end of the work day. In the morning, the employees were observed sitting at their desks, booting up their computers and getting right to work. There was very little interaction among employees beyond casual greetings until lunchtime. As the lunch break approached the employees could be overheard discussing what to do with their time and generally looking forward to a short break. While the employees returned from lunch and returned right to work the atmosphere remained upbeat. The employees engaged in a little more chatter right after lunch and as the end of the work day approached they once again increased their amount of dialogue. However, it was also observed that the amount of talking was significantly less when an authority figure was present than when an authority figure was not present. Further, the white military and civilian employees engaged in more dialogue with each other than did the other races or nationalities. A final interesting and insightful bit of knowledge that was gained from the survey and observations was associated with the last question: â€Å"What can authority figures do in the future to motivate you? † The majority of participants responded that authority figures would motivate them to work harder through incentives. These incentives did not necessarily need to be tangible goods. Instead, most of the participants felt that praising them for a job well done or thanking them for their hard work was sufficient in making them feel valuable. Further, the participants felt that when their work was noticed it was easier to stay motivated because it helped them improve on their weaknesses by using their strengths. The participants responded that when their efforts were noticed and praised they were more willing and motivated to work on their weaknesses without feeling as if they were bad at their jobs. Overall, the employees within this particular finance office were hard working and dedicated to their jobs. They behaved appropriately in the presence of an authority figure and even though they were more relaxed when an authority figure was not present they were still performing their jobs satisfactorily. The military employees displayed more discipline, possibly because of their training. The Middle Eastern and Indian employees were more reserved and less relaxed than the white employees. The authority figures were not surveyed but were observed and it was noticed that they treated all the employees equally but there were slight differences as well. For example, the authority figures were much more reserved when interacting with the Middle Eastern and Indian employees than they were with the white employees, possibly because they were respecting individual differences. Ultimately, the surveys and observations provided information about the differences among military and civilian employees as well as across different races and ethnicities. While there were several differences, it was noted that each member of this office worked diligently and appropriately at all times.

What Makes A Movie Great?

What Makes A Movie Great? With thousands of films released each and every year and so few succeeding either commercially or financially, one has to pose the question: what is it, exactly, that makes a film great? From an audiences perspective, people watch movies to be entertained: they are looking, above all else, to hear a good story that will allow them to share experiences with the characters and with their friends; to see spectacles; to visit other worlds to which they could never otherwise travel; and to escape the boredom of their day-to-day routines. Outstanding films are able to accomplish all of this with skill and artistry. But even in spite of the battery of statistical tests put forward by leading psychologists to unearth the formula for cinematic success (Simonton, 2011), there are many who believe that the quality of a film is impossible to define, being utterly contingent upon personal interpretation. I intend to dig deeper to investigate this issue, looking in detail at the specific tools and techniques a filmmaker has at their disposal to entertain an audience. Before we can truly address the issue of what constitutes entertainment, I would like to take a moment to consider why it is that anyone does anything. According to Anthony Robbins, Everything you and I do, we do either out of our need to avoid pain or our desire to gain pleasure (Robbins, 1992: 53). With this in mind, why is it that tension and conflict, both of which are painful in and of themselves, are widely regarded as two of the central tenants of an engaging story? I would suggest that watching a character learning to avoid pain is a learning experience in which the viewer, too, is able to learn how to avoid pain. Comparable in many ways to the experience of working hard for a greatly desirable objective, this in itself can be a pleasurable thing to observe; we, in such a situation, are able to cherish the end result all the more thanks to our appreciation of what went into achieving it. This is precisely the kind of pleasure provided by most films, and is known specifically as delayed or deferred gratification (Kim, 2006). Generally speaking, then, audiences watch films to have an emotionally satisfying experience. So how can a film be made more emotional? Arguably the most important step we can take towards answering this question is to understand that the viewer is not simply passive when watching a film; in fact, if Elkins definition of simply looking as in fact pertaining to hoping, desiring, never just taking in light, never merely collecting patterns and data (Elkins, 1996: 22) is assumed to be correct, they will begin to manifest their own expectations about what they may see even before the movie begins. It is the therefore the responsibility of the filmmaker to show and tell the viewer the story in such a way as to meet, and exceed, these expectations. There are as many different models that can be used to create exciting stories as there are stories themselves, but, in the simplest possible form, a story can be described as the narration of a chain of events pertaining to a character who wants something (Johnson, 1995). The aim is to organise that story into a structure that allows it to be narrated clearly and dramatically. But what is story structure? In broader terms, structure refers to the relationship between the parts of something, or can otherwise function as the support for something. Whereas the human body relies on a skeletal structure of bones to support itself, the parts of a film story are comprised first and foremost of a series of narrative questions, along with the delays and answers to those questions. The structure is simply how the questions and answers that make up that story are presented, which shots are chosen and in what order, and it is this structuring of events that can make the difference between a sim ple narrative and one that is unforgettable and emotionally profound. The relationship between form and content has been studied extensively by many film writers. David Bordwell, for instance, refers to the terms used by the Russian Formalists, relying heavily upon the terms fabula and syuzhet. The former, according to Bordwell, is a pattern which perceivers of narratives create through assumptions and inferences (Bordwell, 1985: 49). In other words, the fabula comprises the cues and perceptions the viewer receives from the film, and is liable to change from viewer to viewer if the work is complex. The syuzhet, on the other hand, refers to The actual arrangement and presentation of the fabula in the film (Ibid: 50); it is the plot, or structure, of the narrative. Bob Foss instead uses the terms plane of events and plane of discourse, or The what and how of film narrative (Foss, 1992: 2). Regardless of the terms used, virtually all film theorists are agreed on the importance of plot in relation to the creation of engaging cinema, as Seymour Chatman articulates with his suggestion that narrative structure in fact communicates meaning in its own right, over and above the paraphrase-able contents of its story (Chatman, 1980: 23). According to Vogler (2007: 6), some Hollywood executives were concerned so much with this paradigm that they would look only at scripts which were either a fish-out-of-water tale or about an unholy alliance, and it was not until the publication of The Hero with a Thousand Faces before executives were given an additional way of analysing stories. The Heros Journey was originally described by mythology professor Joseph Campbell as a journey of self-discovery and self-transcendence (Campbell, 2008: 17), and seemed to encompass a variety of different types of narratives that might otherwise have been disregarded. More specifically, The Heros Journey acted as the paradigm for all stories. Having studied myths, fables, and folktales from all time periods all over the globe, Campbell discovered that there was a common structure that underlined the journey each and every protagonist would take. There was a good reason for this: at its most fundamental level, the Heros Journey addresses the key psychological principle of what Milton Erickson refers to as life junctures; defined as moments of transition from one stage of life to another, Erickson demonstrates that most people become psychologically trapped at such moments (Erickson, 1977). The parallel with Campbells work becomes more evident when we consider that Erickson also suggests that the most common reason for this stasis is the inappropriate generalisation of fear from an earlier trauma to other situations; unsure of how to cope with new demands placed upon them, they keep trying to use old methods that are no longer functional at this new level. Broadly speaking, it is precisely such moments of stasis at which the majority of film characters are introduced to the viewer. In this regard, the Heros Journey exists as the story of human growth placed into a dramatized form, which is another way of saying that the story is externalised in visible action. It is because these heroes solve their inner conflicts that they can win the external conflicts, and the audience gets reborn along with the heroes. But what separates the visible action of a film from the structure of the narrative, and why is it that the audience does not consciously notice the latter? The classical Hollywood style asks that form be rendered invisible; that the viewer see only the presence of actors in an unfolding story that seems to be existing on its own (Hill and Gibson, 1998: 16). It does not take too much in the way of imagination to see this concept in practise, such that, if you were to watch the first few minutes of a film and then walk away from it, it should be relatively easy to give a simple account of the plot and the motivations of the characters therein. But would you hear the background music? Would you notice the shot sizes and framing, or the cutting up of time and space? Most likely you would be too busy working out what was happening and what it meant to let your attention wander to such a structural level. It is not that these things are invisible, but simply that they drop below the viewe rs threshold of attention. Any part of the structure can in fact cross that threshold; as long as the world of the film is seamless and doesnt break the spell by calling attention to itself, however, the viewer will not be paying attention to the acting, cinematography or editing, but watching real people facing overwhelming obstacles in their struggle to achieve their dreams. It is therefore the job of the filmmaker to direct the audiences attention towards these events through careful attention to narrative structure. The Heros Journey provides a means of doing just this; given its popularity to this day throughout Hollywood, however, there is a danger that the stories created using it might appear similar. When that happens, it bursts through the threshold of conscious attention and the audience is taken out of the story. Just as there are several problems that can arise when we speak, however, the most common types of speaking problems also have a filmic equivalent: whereas verbally, for example, we talk about one thing at a time, one of the main issues when telling a story with pictures arises from the simple truth that pictures can say too much. This conflicts with the theory of selective attention, which states that the conscious mind can only pay attention to one thing at a time (Dewey, 2007). The attention of the human mind is a precious commodity, and it is important to recognise that the viewers ability to concentrate on the material they are being presented with is affected by a great number of factors including fatigue, interest and general state of mind. When we multitask, for instance, we feel like we are accomplishing a great deal of work, whereas in reality the brain is juggling attention very quickly between multiple items. This is why drivers talking on a phone or talking to a passenger are statistically more likely to be involved in an accident, as their attention is split even though they think they are focused on driving (Myers, 2008: 87). Theories of Neuro-Linguistic Programming state that one of the functions of the brain is to act as a filter, continually deleting, generalising and distorting the information we receive about the world so as to protect us from information overload (Burton and Ready: 65). In other words, we dont pay attention to a lot of inf ormation we are exposed to, but instead delete it. When the film is racing past at twenty-five frames per second, which part of the image will the audience be looking at? Suppose they see the wrong part, and thus miss the thread of the storytelling entirely? In order to prevent this, a filmmaker must have the ability to control their images to ensure that they are able to communicate the desired message to their audience; this is where design, composition, perspective and lighting each come into play. Without these, the viewer would not be able to see exactly what was happening onscreen and would be unable to follow the story. Filmmakers have developed a great variety of specific techniques to solve these types of problems; instead of showing two things at a time, for instance, the camera can pan from one to the other, a cut can be made between two shots, or focus can be racked, or shifted, between the objects in the frame. Though all of these solutions have become commonplace in mainstream cinema, they all serve to simplify what to look at for the viewers sake by presenting only one thing at a time. Arguably even stronger than this, however, is the human minds reliance on stereotypes and clichà ©s, often demonstrating a strong tendency to distort those things that do not fit into our worldview as a way of dealing with the overwhelming amount of information it receives. Specifically, the brain constantly seeks to organise this data into patterns; though the most obvious patterns exist as visual designs, patterns exist everywhere: in music, in the way people speak, and even in traffic and weather. As we have already explored, narrating a story is little more than organising information into a pattern, or structure. But how does this work on the micro level of filmmaking? How, for instance, are we able to make the protagonist stand out in the middle of a crowded scene? Grouping, by definition, applies to things that are alike in some way, which could include proximity; by this logic, we could dress the main characters differently, or have them stand some way apart from the rest of the crowd. With all other characters wearing muted colours and the hero dressed in black and white, the mind will perceive the crowd as a group and the protagonist will automatically stand out. This is an example of one of the ways in which gestalt principles can be a useful tool for applying the speaking metaphor of telling the viewer only one thing at a time; a German word meaning shape or form, gestalt refers to an organised whole that is more than just the sum of its parts, and functions as a reasonably accurate description of the way in which the human mind organises our experiences of life. In this example, objects that are either similar or close together are grouped, leaving the mind to pick out individual things on which to focus while the rest fades into the background. This is why, when reading, we perceive each word, or clusters of words, as opposed to individual letters, and do not notice that the remainder of the page simply recedes from our conscious awareness. Far from mere abstraction, gestalt principles have been proven to work at almost every level of the viewing experience, including perception of images, understanding and comprehension of narrative, the me, and even sound. Another key concept of gestalt perception lies in the minds tendency to fill in the blanks, or seek closure: if we listen to a familiar musical theme where the final part is omitted, the mind will fill in that missing section itself. Similarly, on a visual level, a tension will be created in the viewers head that wants to close the shape if parts of a figure are cut out. This refers to the gestalt principle of good continuity, which states that we will assume things to be continuing; pictorially, lines are perceived to carry on even if another object obscures part of them from view. The implications of this are profound even on the most basic levels of filmmaking theory. Firstly, when the audience sees a close-up of a characters head, it is assumed to be connected to a body. Filmic cuts also work based entirely on the principle that, if the viewer witnesses one action and the action is seen to be continuing from a different angle, it is assuming to exist as part of the same action. The most important realisation, however, is that closure works not just on the perceptual level, but also on the level of story. In any story, the hypothesis What ifà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦? is presented to be true. The writer is, for all intents and purposes, a masterful liar, offering a wealth of supporting details with which to flesh out a world in which the action unfolds that is believable and seamless enough to remain below the audiences conscious threshold of attention. When a narrative question is introduced, the brain begins searching in an attempt to make sense of the question, and the cortex generates answers that imbue that question with meaning from what is known of the story thus far. The crucial point is that the viewer demands that these questions be answered, so much so that the cortex will continue to generate answers even when the questions do not make logical sense: if we were to ask ourselves why the moon is made of cheese, for instance, our brains will attempt to present us with a logical solution. Pratkanis and Aronson suggest that, Given our finite ability to process information, we attempt to simplify complex problems to the extent that we will mindlessly accept a conclusion or proposition not for any good reason but because it is accompanied by a simplistic persuasion device (2002: 38). As long as the questions are sufficiently engaging, the viewer will, without closure in the narrative, exist in an anxious state of suspense. It is this need for closure that drives us to continue reading, listening to or watching stories of all kinds, as answers to the questions raised are found by watching the film and thus relieve the viewers lack of knowledge. Only by tying up all of the narrative threads can the storyteller dissipate this tension, and in this sense, the power of suggestion could easily be considered a filmmakers greatest ally. It is regrettable that the vast majority of modern horror filmmaking appears to have forgotten this fact entirely. Essentially, there are two distinct approaches to creating a horror film: those that choose to show all of the gory details, and those that instead choose to suggest what might happen. Though each type of film has its place, I personally believe the latter to be infinitely more evocative, for the very reason that the filmmaker is able to use the viewers fears against them. Taking the filmmakers clues, they will automatically fill in the blanks themselves from their own experiences and associations, making the experience more meaningful for each individual. When we consider that this power is not under the viewers conscious control, the director of a film could, provided an awareness of the minds infinite capacity to create in the presence of interesting suggestions, be likened to a hypnotist. Continuing along this train of thought, I believe that other types of entertainment artists can shed a lot of insight onto the problem of directing the audiences attention. Magician and conjurer Nathaniel Schiffman, for instance, poses a particularly interesting question: What is magicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ really? We know magic is fake. We know it relies on all sorts of deceptions, but why is it that some deceptions work while others do not? Why are some fakes plausible while others stand out like a sore thumb? For instance, a cartoon is fake-mere drawings on paper, thats pretty obvious. A sculpture is a fake made of rock. But when we observe the fakeness of magic, we dont interpret it as fake. We see it as very real. Even when we know in our hearts that a person cannot fly, that a silver sword cannot penetrate a body and come out blood-less, even when our eyes betray our common sense, we see magical illusions as real. Why is that? What is this stuff that magic is made of that is fake and yet real at the same time? (Schiffman, 1997: 77) Schiffman could easily have been talking about movies: when watching a film, the viewer knows that what they are watching is not real, yet often goes along for the ride even to the point of being moved to tears and laughter by them. How is it that films can be simultaneously fake yet real? The answer lies in the unconscious minds inability to differentiate between real world and imagined experiences. Even though we rationally know that a film is fake, our body and our emotions physically respond just as they would in real life: we experience excitement, feel the powerful release of laughter and shed real tears from being touched. Physiologically, our heart rate increases, our palms sweat and we experience a rush of adrenaline. This is the case as long as the film engages the viewers conscious mind in addition to their body. In other words, a film can involve elements of extreme fantasy as long as it remains logically plausible. It is the job of the filmmaker to establish rules for th e world of the film and play within those rules, otherwise the audience will feel that they have been cheated and withdraw consciously from the story. In many regards, any film is in its entirety little more than a magic trick, consisting of a patchwork of fragments which never existed in reality. This illusion is furthered by the minds predisposition to link up all aspects of the experience, even though in reality no such connection may exist. Magicians also use the same kind of structuring as storytellers, narrating a story about magical properties known as patter. Patter can be considered akin to the magicians script, with words used to introduce an illusion, enhancing the performance with a fanciful story. This is often achieved by painting a scene of childhood nostalgia, or by inducing some other emotion in the listener. Words, essentially, are used to misdirect and direct, and can often provide the additional shove that allows peoples minds to accept one imagined reality over another. ADD BACK STUFF ABOUT PRESUPPOSITIONS. Magic wands and gestures serve much the same function: the magician must ensure that his or her gestures read clearly for the audience. Often, they will be directing the viewers attention away from something else, perhaps some common mechanical mechanism hidden from view, in much the same way as telling stories of high adventure while in fact teaching moral lessons. The relationship between a magicians stage patter and the trick itself are similar to that of story events and structure in a film, wherein patter can be considered the story of the illusion whilst the trick itself is the thing that remains hidden and makes it work. The filmmakers trick is simply that of juxtaposing otherwise unconnected images to make a story, using images to implicitly suggest questions and then delaying the answers, thus generating a tension that engages the audience in stories about characters on a quest to achieve a specific goal. Provided the audience is able to read these images, the brain will automatically construct the story, using gestalt to connect characters and objects in action into meaningful wholes greater than the sum of their constituent parts. The gestalt principle of good continuity will ensure that connections are created between shots, and presuppositions and assumptions will allow an individual version of the story to be constructed in the viewers head that is meaningful for them. Tongues Blood Does Not Run Dry by Assia Djebar | Review Tongues Blood Does Not Run Dry by Assia Djebar | Review Assia Djebar is an Algerian writer, translator and moviemaker. She is one of North Africas best-known and most widely celebrated writers and has in print poems, plays, and short stories, and has produced a couple of movies. In her manuscripts, Djebar has covered the harangue for social liberation and the Muslim womans world in its intricacies. Numerous of her works deal with the effect of the warfare on womens psyche. Djebars impressive feminist posturing has earned her much admiration also substantial antagonism and derision from pro-autonomy critics in Algeria.In this collection of stories, Djebar attempts to tell tales to emancipate her Algerian sisters. Recalling the horrifying nights in the annals of Algerian independence in the early sixties, she pens her work between France and her native country, in the echoes of women who have dual loyalties and who are multi-lingual. Oran, Dead Language commences the tales of horror when Algeria attained autonomy from colonialists. Oran, in Algeria boasted the elevated concentrations of pied-noirs, Settlers who fled the country for Europe and particularly France upon independence. The narrator recalls the tearful night when her parents were killed, and how she fled her home city for France at the age of eighteen. She is forced to retreat to Algeria three decades laterthough she feels just like many other storyline characters that Algeria is the forgettable past. In the story, Djebar motions at the oscillations of Europeans from their settlements to France and back to Algeria years later. Civil unrest particularly plays the catalytic agent of movement, and forces humans to look for areas of safety. Mentally the characters deny relationship with Algeria preferring to label it as â€Å"over†. In Algeria, the narrator expresses displeasure. Oran is a place where you forget. â€Å"Forget and forget more†. A city that has been swabbed, recollections blanched. A whole decade after it attained independence the centre of the city was left abandoned, apart from a few offices, the headquarters of two or three organizations. In the captivating story, Felicies Body, a young man documents his mothers life when she comes back to France for treatment from Algeria. He tries to recall his mothers life taking us through her mothers personal journey in respect to marriage to his Algerian father. The young man looks at his dual life analyzing which aspect of his dual to identify with and adopt and which one to disown. Young citizens are faced with oscillations in their mental and physical status just like the young man experiences when faced with an identity crisis. The mother traveling from Algeria to France to seek treatment is also an indication of a repeated pattern where Algerians with connections to France have to keep moving from Algeria to France when they seek better conditions of life like better medicine and health facilities. His mother Felice Marie Germaine has eight children, eight of whom still live in Algeria. Ever since his father died and was buried at Beni-Rached the young man, Karim decides he is done with Oran and all of Algeria and tells the mother who is better ridden with a not so promising health condition. The scene at the hospital gives a moving picture of the contrast of the lifestyles the two countries offer and the reason for the oscillations; people are always on the move to find a better life. In Annie and Fatima, the narrator tells the story of her sisters friend. The narrators sister met the friend while they were having Barber classes. On a night, when the friend is staying with her, she tells her story of Algiers. In the scene, she mentally travels to Algiers, recalling how it is a peaceful capital, dotted with a craze of mushrooming political parties and with newspapers launched. It is for a moment that she wonders how better the country would be if democratic reforms were constituted. The rise of political parties gives her hope that the political dispensation would be for the better. The development of newspapers would also open up the free media and the democratic space. Algeria at the time they were leaving as a young person was not free and fully liberated. Although not physically traveled, fear of Algerian life is legitimized inside demotic culture by a custom of the use of aggression as a legitimate means of getting economic wealth that goes back to pre-colonia l days.   Consequently, monetary activity in tangential areas of urban settlement is therefore dominated by violence that is decorous  by its appeal to an Islamist style, though, in reality, it is merely related to fiscal benefit. Despite indistinct sentiment in Algeria pertaining its colonial power, France has thrashed a historically preferential leaning in Algerian foreign association. Algeria went through a high level of reliance on France in the initial years after the revolution and a contradictory want to be free of that dependency. Problems abide for the Algerians living in France and they spend time fantasizing about what their country (Algeria) could have been. References Djebar, A. Raleigh, T. (2006). The tongues blood does not run dry: Algerian stories. NY: Seven Stories Press

Waste Water Management in the Philippines :: essays research papers

I. INTRODUCTION   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This report aims to discuss and to enrich the reader’s knowledge on the proper desludging and disposal of waste accumulated from septic tanks. The information gathered here is vital as it provides a culture of awareness to everyone on how wastewater is disposed of. Wastewater comes from everywhere; from our residences to our workplaces, even public places. Filipinos as we are, have been known to be hygienic yet we know little of what happens when our used water is flushed to the drain until it’s carried off to treatment plants. It is imperative that we, as citizens, must have an idea on how the whole process works and how beneficial/ detrimental it is to the people and to our environment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before we continue with this paper, we must define some of the important terms used in this report. A Septic Tank is a watertight container which receives the discharge of a plumbing system. It was designed and constructed to separate solids from the liquid; digest the organic matter and allow the liquid waste to discharge in a storm drain. It is used to provide a storage place so as to give opportunity for the bacteria to reduce all solids to liquid form, and to provide a breeding place to increase the number of bacteria to accelerate the decomposition of solids. Desludging is the process of removing or vacuuming the septic tank content. The septic tank content or Septage, is the combination of scum (masss that floats on the tank surface), sludge (solids that settled on the bottom) and liquid pumped out from a filled-up septic tank. II. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY (REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In August 1997, the Ayala-led Manila Water Company took over the East Zone of Metro Manila from the government-owned Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System through a 25-year concession agreement, while the Lopez-led Maynilad Water Services took over the West Zone. According to some studies before this study was made, about 76 percent of the water supply for Metro Manila comes from the Angat Reservoir, with the rest of the supply coming from the Ipo and La Mesa Watersheds and from groundwater. The Ipo and La Mesa Watersheds contribute about 14 percent and seven percent of the total supply, respectively, while only about three percent comes from groundwater. Only three percent of the East Zone is connected to the sewerage system, which also is connected to the treatment plant.

Should Everything on the Internet be Free? Essay -- Internet Technolog

Should Everything on the Computer be Free? Many people say, "The best things in life are free." However, when we say this, we don’t particularly mean materialistic items. Nearly two years ago this saying was heard by those who may have won the lottery or whom may have been in love and feels that it is the best thing. Nevertheless, a few years ago nearly nothing was free and if it was there was always a catch to go along with it. Now that the Internet has become so popular it is difficult not to find something for free. There are numerous sites on the World Wide Web that offer free items. For example, www.zipso.com, is a site that you are able to subscribe for free offers. The site www.napster.com, is a music site which people are able to download songs from. The site www.freephone.com, is a site where one can download a program and have a microphone on your computer and make phone calls. The site www.netzero.com, this is a site that one can go to and get free Internet access. These are just a few sites that offer free items. Since all these free things are accessible through a computer it would make since that there would be free Internet services. There are a few companies that offer free service. America Online (AOL) sends out CD’s, that hold 100 minutes of Internet time on them. There is a catch, of course, with this though, many people make the mistake of downloading the product the wrong way and later find their phone bill with multiple unknown charges. There is also another company called Netzero which an entirely free service. There are some stipulations with the service that limits what can be done, it is also not guaranteed to be working all the time. With these services I feel it is a great opportunity for people... ...f a call is longer than a certain amount of time there should be a charge. Other than that I feel it is companies are going to get upset that they are loosing money. The problem should get taken care of before it happens. I feel that having the Internet is an ample opportunity to try out innumerable things. Although there are many services that offer free items, a number of people like to stick to the original product of service. The services that are free have drawbacks that a large portion of our fast past population does not have the patience for. It is much easier for a person to pick up the phone or the newspaper than to get on the computer, wait to be connected to the Internet and then look for what you need. In conclusion, although free is awesome, it is great and by far not perfect!the same thing with what Napster is going through. Eventually the phone . Should Everything on the Internet be Free? Essay -- Internet Technolog Should Everything on the Computer be Free? Many people say, "The best things in life are free." However, when we say this, we don’t particularly mean materialistic items. Nearly two years ago this saying was heard by those who may have won the lottery or whom may have been in love and feels that it is the best thing. Nevertheless, a few years ago nearly nothing was free and if it was there was always a catch to go along with it. Now that the Internet has become so popular it is difficult not to find something for free. There are numerous sites on the World Wide Web that offer free items. For example, www.zipso.com, is a site that you are able to subscribe for free offers. The site www.napster.com, is a music site which people are able to download songs from. The site www.freephone.com, is a site where one can download a program and have a microphone on your computer and make phone calls. The site www.netzero.com, this is a site that one can go to and get free Internet access. These are just a few sites that offer free items. Since all these free things are accessible through a computer it would make since that there would be free Internet services. There are a few companies that offer free service. America Online (AOL) sends out CD’s, that hold 100 minutes of Internet time on them. There is a catch, of course, with this though, many people make the mistake of downloading the product the wrong way and later find their phone bill with multiple unknown charges. There is also another company called Netzero which an entirely free service. There are some stipulations with the service that limits what can be done, it is also not guaranteed to be working all the time. With these services I feel it is a great opportunity for people... ...f a call is longer than a certain amount of time there should be a charge. Other than that I feel it is companies are going to get upset that they are loosing money. The problem should get taken care of before it happens. I feel that having the Internet is an ample opportunity to try out innumerable things. Although there are many services that offer free items, a number of people like to stick to the original product of service. The services that are free have drawbacks that a large portion of our fast past population does not have the patience for. It is much easier for a person to pick up the phone or the newspaper than to get on the computer, wait to be connected to the Internet and then look for what you need. In conclusion, although free is awesome, it is great and by far not perfect!the same thing with what Napster is going through. Eventually the phone .

John Quincy Adams :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lenora Spahn   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  10/7/00 Presidential Outline I. John Quincy Adams   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A. Born- July 11, 1767   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B. Died- February 23, 1828 II. Background   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A. Educational- Attended Harvard (1785-1787); Studied law under Theophilus Parsons   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   at Newburyport, Mass. (1787-1790); Admitted to the bar, 1790.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B. Occupational-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. Minister to the Netherlands, 1784-1797   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. Minister to Prussia, 1797-1801   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3. Massachusetts State Senator, 1802   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4. US Senator (Federalist-Massachusetts), 1803-1808   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5. Minister to Russia, 1809-1814   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  6. Chief Negotiator of Treaty of Ghent, 1814   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  7. Minister to Great Britain, 1815-1825   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  8. Secretary of State, 1817-1825 (under James Monroe)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   III. Terms Of Office   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A. First Term (1825-1829) IV. Prominent Issues of the Election   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A. Varied degrees of support for a protective tariff   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B. A federal program of internal improvements V. Opponents   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A. First Term-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. Andrew Jackson, Tennessee   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. William H. Crawford, Georgia   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3. Henry Clay, Kentucky  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   VI. Vice Presidents   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A. First Term- John C. Calhoun, South Carolina VII. Political Party- no party labels used VIII. Domestic Events   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A. John Quincy Adams becomes the 6th President, 1825.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B. Erie Canal Opens, 1825: links Lake Erie with New York City through the Hudson   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   River.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  C. South Carolina Exposition and Protest, 1828: after an anti-tariff protest was held in   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Columbia, South Carolina, delegates from 13 states convened to urge a tariff rise,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  following the denial of a bill concerning tariff increases, after a tie-breaking vote from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Vice-President Calhoun. IX. Major Foreign Policy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A. Panama Congress, 1826: Adams supported US participation in the Panama   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Congress; However, southern congressmen who feared the meeting might be used to   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   condemn slavery, as well as Adams’s political opponents delayed the confirmation of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   the US delegates long enough to make it impossible to reach Ranama in time to   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   attend.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B. Tariff of Abominations, 1828: A high tariff on imported manufactured goods to   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   protect domestic industry. Later prompted Vice President Calhoun to draft the SC   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Exposition condemning the tariff as â€Å"unconstitutional, oppressive, and unjust† and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   claiming the right of a state to nullify such laws.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   X. Major Conflict   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A. The Tariff of Abominations proved Adams's reluctancy to submit to political

A Comparison of Discipline Models

A Comparison of Discipline Models ComparisonsWongKagan, Kyle and Scotts Morrish Theories†¢His concept is a belief that the students’ accomplishments are pretentious by the procedures used. †¢This philosophy has a solid positions that are shared with the students †¢It constructive and creative foundation. conveys the realistic skills of the students †¢ nurtures communication with the students in the classroom †¢This model includes procedures and approaches envisioned to assist students with being respectful, accountable, and cooperative.Strengths†¢It has a very clear procedural and specifies arrangements required (what to say, goals to have in mind, expectations, etc. ). †¢Can easily be followed because it is designed (before school after school and what happen throughout the day. have Communal and clear prospects for students †¢ Positive and creative basis. †¢convey the prospective of the students. †¢ nurtures communication and responsibility. †¢ This exhibits a strong consideration of human nature and how students have a tendency to respond. This model has three clear elements – training, teaching, and managing – and this makes it easily implemented and measured by the educators. Weaknesses†¢One of the weaknesses is that it has cause-effect connections between principles and student engagements that are not totally true. focuses additional on the success and behavior of the teacher as to what to do and when) than the requirements of the students†¢ One of the flaws is using the classroom to support the student’s ability to master adverse outlooks and shape abilities that are optimistic weaken negative Behavior. This model is based on normal potentials and thus inferences on response more than launch. Advantages†¢The theory shows entirety of what the teacher has control over, all grades can utilize It nurtures discipline and direction, likelihood and uniformity. â⠂¬ ¢ A since of pride for the students as they gain knowledge and their abilities, with the help of the teacher change their negative into positive. teaches the students individual, and knowledgeable progress †¢ This concept, when applied correctly and known by the students, can bring about a well-designed classroom. †¢ Students who are taught this concept will learn reverence and restraint. Disadvantages†¢The key disadvantage to this philosophy is its inflexibility. It also does not take in to account differences, o r individual student’s needs, and unforeseen procedures †¢ Some teachers that are applying this concept may struggle thru modification to student requirements and conduct. Educators who us this concept may be too expectant and may have some dissuasion, and place to high of demands on the students. †¢ Students may become overly depend on the teacher and perform in definite ways to receive attention. †¢ Centering on attitudes can cause an educator to spending less time on class content. †¢ This theory may possibly struggle with collective and outlooks in some the social order or settings. †¢ Students may not absorb the concept of complying, and could cause future upheaval.

Issue Management at Gap Inc. Essay

Introduction bedspread Inc. small Morale and Absenteeism Low morale and absenteeism of ar serious bothers of respite Inc. that cuts across industry. On a distinctive day amongst 2 and 4% of employees at Gap Inc. snuff it to show up for work, which does non sound wish a racy rate of absence, only when more measure is lost for the reason that of downcast morale and absenteeism than through strikes and lockouts. The y archaeozoic costs of low morale and absenteeism in the United States argon estimated to be $29 billion and a lurch of 4. 99% in the discipline absence rate changes the gross field of study product by $10 billion.(London, 2003) A great number of studies ar make to identify the determinants of low morale and absenteeism. m any(prenominal) an(prenominal) variables atomic number 18 found to be advantageously related to indices of absence, the results appear to be risky across situations and metre. The Way Incentives Work all incentive program is grou nd on a formula for enhancing indigence that engages cardinal fundamental variables exploit, wallowry, outcomes, and satisf procedureion.The logic stinker these programs goes something like this employees at Gap Inc. pull up stakes draw up in the veracious quantity of effort to light upon action hopes if these part judgment of conviction employees at Gap Inc.obtain the types of outcomes that include lucre raises and promotions which leave behind provide part time employees satisfaction. In simpler words, Gap Inc. should provide its employees what they want, and employees will work hard to get it. endeavor = implementation = Outcomes= Satisfaction Conversely, the problem with approximately incentive programs like of Gap Inc. is that they concentrate on exclusively on the submission of outcomes and require the three legal opinions that are the key to qualification the demand solution work merchantman ane do it? Will outcomes be fastened to unrivalleds actua lizeance? Will outcomes be satisfying to oneness? The first conviction compacts with the relation ship amidst employee effort and transaction. The second compacts with the relationship between performance and outcomes. And the third compacts with the relationship between outcomes and satisfaction. These three tactile sensations form the basis of the belief system of pauperism and performance. Accepting that these beliefs are decisive preconditions for want helps to explain wherefore incentive programs generally yield such overleaplustre results like in matter of Gap Inc.Since employees do not incessantly hold these beliefs to be true, attempts to improve want by using incentives chamberpotnot make the grade, all the same when the incentives are highly desirable ones. Types of motivating Problems One potbellynot do it want problem Lack of confidence Associated feelings Self-doubt concern Frustration Outcomes are not fastend to ones performance pauperism problem La ck of trust Associated feelings agnosticism Disbelief Mistrust Outcomes will not be satisfying to one motive problem Lack of satisfaction Associated feelings choler Rebelliousness Low Morale and AbsenteeismAt Gap Inc. a major geological fault attempt only makes difficult the situation. If any of three beliefs are shaky to beget with, organisational change at Gap Inc. can weaken them scour further. The result is a lot serious motivation and performance problems, at a time when organisations can least(prenominal) afford them, and a resultant surge in the negative emotions associated with change. When an employee believes one cannot do it for example, one may fortify a overleap of self-confidence and begin to live more of the unpleasant feelings that go on with it self-doubt, anxiety, and frustration.About a year into the change effort, one manager portrayed the inward turmoil one went through by comparing the restructuring to building a ship at the same time one is trying to sail it. (Mele, 2003) Worker beliefs that outcomes are not tied to ones performance can overly learn to noteworthy motivation problems, especially lack of trust. This is normally accompanied by feelings of disbelief or disbelief precisely the emotions that other manager felt when one was told early on change effort that office staff would be allocated differently.Employee beliefs that outcomes will not be satisfying to one ofttimes visualise to a third major problem, inveterate dissatisfaction, and to feelings of anger, rebelliousness, low morale and absenteeism. (Miner, 2002) Like as the negative emotions allied with change can often go undetected, the motivation and performance problems that cause them frequently remain surreptitious and un splitd. Due to this, managers who racecourse change are sometimes frustrated in their efforts. They fail to realise that it is not enough to call forth to the intellect of their workers. So managers must also win employees hearts i n indian lodge to implement change successfully.The reason behind why are motivation problems so difficult to uncover is that employees are scared to speak about them or even admit that they exist like at Gap Inc. Though around employees subsist when they have a motivation problem, many feel that acknowledging it is tantamount to admitting failure, and, naturally, they do not want to appear weak or incompetent to their manager. The belief system attack is practical method that can help manager at Gap Inc. resolve these problems impressively. It takes the guesswork out of the search for motivation problems and alerts managers to the three principal types Motivation problems caused by a lack of confidence. Motivation problems caused by a lack of trust. Motivation problems caused by a lack of satisfaction. The approach is based on the evaluateancy theory of motivation and on the research of Yale University professor captain H. howl. In conducting Vrooms analyses of why motiv ation improvement so often fails, Vroom came to the conclusion that motivation at work depends on certain(prenominal) employee expectations or beliefs that effort will hold up to performance, that performance will lead to outcomes, and that these outcomes, when received, will be satisfying.(doubting Thomas, 2004) Like other expectancy theorists, Vroom maintained that the tendency of people to act in certain ways depends on the strength of the expectation that their actions will be followed by certain outcomes and on the sensed value or valency of those outcomes. This combination of expectation and valence is what determines peoples behaviour, Vroom and colleagues argued, and unless both expectation and valence are present to some degree, in that respect will be little or no motivation to act.For example, if a individual wants a certain outcome yet doesnt feel it can be achieved through ones efforts, consequently that person wont be motivated. Similarly, that person will al so lack motivation if one believes that a certain outcome can be achieved but is undesirable. The application puzzle relies on structured, facilitated meetings between managers and their direct reports to find the answers to the three base questions that uncover motivation problems Does the employee believe that ones effort will lead to the expected performance? Does the employee believe that outcomes will be tied to ones performance? Does the employee believe the outcomes will be satisfying? Preconditions for Employee Motivation AT Gap Inc. managers have to note that an employee is motivated to perform when The employee believes that effort will lead to performance. The employee believes that performance will lead to outcomes. The employee believes that outcomes will lead to satisfaction.AT Gap Inc. once a manager has recognised a proper(postnominal) motivation problem, one can hence work with the employee to find its cause and develop an appropriate solution. There are se veral(prenominal) reasons that this model performs far better than managers expect such as This model prepares managers and employees for lick motivation problems by getting them to hypothecate about these issues before they meet. This model promotes effective change by clarifying expectations, stripping hidden agendas, and managing emotions before they escalate. This model relies on the cooperation and involvement of the one person who knows most about the problem and what may be causing it the employee. (Caruth, 2001) By gently forcing an accurate diagnosis of problems and their causes, the belief system model increases the prospects of finding good solutions to performance shortfalls. afterwards all, it takes information to solve problems, and the goal of the belief system model is to uncover faultfinding information about performance and motivation and to guide managers and employees in applying it productively.The model whole kit and boodle to generate an environment in which managers and employees part the responsibility for solving performance problems, and it fosters the amiable of communication that helps managers maintain the critical preconditions for employee motivation confidence in their ability to meet performance expectations, trust in others to tie outcomes to performance, and satisfaction with their job and the outcomes that they receive.Works Cited Butkus T. Raymond, Thad B.Green, (1999), Motivation, Beliefs and Organisational Transformation. Quorum Books. 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